• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to present the results as basic data for establishing proper storage conditions and distribution conditions of actual farms at point of increasing concern about hygiene and palatabiltiy of consumers to food. In this study, three farmhouses of dried persimmons prepared using different storage conditions were selected in Sangju (Korea). The dried persimmons were stored for 90 days. Changes in temperature and humidity were measured with a temperature and humidity recorder under each storage condition, and physicochemical analysis and sensory evaluation were performed. The average temperatures of farmhouse A, B and C were approximately $-22--23^{\circ}C$, $-19--18^{\circ}C$ and $-25^{\circ}C$ respectively. The humidities of A, B and C were 62-63%, 59-60%, and 66-67%, respectively, and the moisture contents of all farmhouses increased during the storage period, with farmhouse B showing the most rapid increase. Free sugars increased, except for those from farmhouse C. Persimmons from farmhouse B showed the greatest changes in chewiness and hardness. The values of $a^*$ and $b^*$ were significantly decreased in persimmons from farmhouse B, and the color difference value of farmhouse B was dramatically increased. Sensory evaluation showed that the color preference tended to decrease compared with the initial value. Only farmhouse B showed decreased overall acceptability. Moreover, farmhouse B had the highest storage temperature and lowest humidity. Therefore, our results showed that storage at a low temperature and high humidity was important for manufacturing high-quality dried persimmons.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.383-388
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• 2007

This study examined the effective treatment method of selenium and translocation characteristics of selenium in order to produce mungbean containing selenium. The foliar application of selenium at 3.5, 7, 14, and $28mg/{\ell}$ during the flowering period, yielded a relatively high record of seeds containing $0.41{\sim}3.96mg/kg$ and $0.27{\sim}2.38mg/kg$ of selenium, from the first and second harvesting. However, seeds from the first harvesting contained $52{\sim}71%$ more selenium than the seeds from the second harvesting. On the other hand, seeds from first and second harvesting of the non-treatment group had the same amount of selenium at 0.02mg/kg only. When the foliar application of selenium at $7mg/{\ell}$ was conducted two or three times, seeds from the first to third harvesting contained just the equal amount of selenium. However, when it was conducted only once, seeds from the first harvesting contained 56% and 67% more than seeds from the second and third harvesting, respectively. In seeds of mungbean containing 2.05mg/kg of selenium, cotyledon had 2.99mg/kg of selenium, which was 38% more than seed coat per unit weight. When mungbean sprout was produced, selenium content was 5.51mg/kg, but seed coats by-product of sprouts had 0.78mg/kg of selenium. The growth and quantity of mungbean was not significantly different according to the concentration and the frequency of foliar application of selenium used for in study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 1996

This research has incorporated a postal survey from the principals, nurse-charging teachers and nurse-teachers of the fiftyfive elementary, middle and high school in Yang-pyeong county area where its supplementary rate of nurse-teachers is less than adequate. It is to analyse the current status of the school health service in the area and to come out with a plan to improve the school health program through the participations of the health related experts of the local community. The survey was done in the two months of period of April to May of 1994. The result of the survey follows. The student population in the Yang-pyeong county area is 13,998 and the school employee population is 904 which counts for about 19.2% of the whole population of the area. However, the supplementary rate of nurse-teachers is only 10.8% (4 in 55 schools) which is very low in terms of relativity. School health committee only exist in 17% of the whole number of schools in the area and 50 of school health committee answered that their activity do not meet the adequate level. Only 54. 3% of the whole school numbers has included the school health finance in their financial plans and the amount set for the school health finance is about 500,000 wons (100,000-1,600,000 wons). 64.9% of the schools in the Yang-pyeong county area have the permanent nursing room established in the school. But, often than the equipment for a simple physical examinations, their supply of the health related equipments are less than adequate. Particitations of school doctor in the school health service is at only 67.6% which pretty much include only the physical examinations. Nurse-charging teachers consider their utmost important role is to teach health education but, they answered that they spent most of their times and efforts on physical examinations & immunizations. The average number of students visition to the nursing room is 2.5 persons and complains for basic discomfort as headache, concussion, stomachache and indigestion problems and usual pills used are the analgesics and digestives. Physical examination is done in the most schools every year but, 51.4% of nurse-charging teachers answered the physical examination does not really help. About the emergency treatment ability, 75.7% reports that both manpower & equipment are short. The school food services are present in only 8 schools (21.6%) but, 89.2% of nurse-charging teachers answer that there is a definite need of the food service. The survey says that the utmost important environmental health and safety factors are the traffic accidents followed by improper heat system, lighting, the stools and desks that do not consider the student physical status The overall evaluation of school health program reports that there are adequate physical examination, immunization, environmental hygiene, and management of safety but, on the other hand, health education, health councelling & management of nursing room are not managed properly. The principals of the survey pool report shortage of public agency support, lack of understanding of school health, shortage of nursing equipments and school health finance as the barrier factors of school health. The nurse-charging teachers report on the same questions as their less than qualitifying expertise, extraload of work upon the nursing affairs, shortage of nursing equipments & school health finance. The head masters & nurse-charging teachers answered that they are desperate for the meetings of nurse-charging teachers, construction of school health councelling system & training education in order to improve school health and if these are available, they will actively participate in them. After the careful analysis of the survey result, it is apparent that through the relations of the manpowers, establishment of community-oriented school health is definitely in need in rural area where there is low supplementary rate of nurse-teachers and poor school health environment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 1986

To establish a suitability grouping system of paddy soils for double or multiple cropping with rice which is intensively practiced in the southern parts of Korea, a few basic experiments were carried out for two years. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The potential productivities of the paddy soils which were tested without any fertilizer in the pots of subsoil samples by the double cropping of rice and other upland crops were resulted that the soils of "Moderately well drained" fine silty textured were the highest while the soils of "Poorly drained" sandy were the lowest, and the productivities could be clearly comparable according to the differences of soil conditions. 2. The decomposability of organic matter also was higher in the soils of "Moderately well drained" than the "Imperfectly drained". The coarse loamy and coarse silty textured soils were high in the upland condition and in the early stages of submerging while the fine loamy and fine silty textured soils were high at the late stage of submerging in the rates of organic matter decomposition. 3. The days to be reached to tillable condition after rainfall in fine loamy textured soils were about 5 days earlier than the clayey soils. The period of tillable condition of fine clayey soils with "Moderately well drained" was the longest and that of the fine loamy textured soils was the shortest. But the soils with "Imperfectly drained" were not clear among soil textural classes. 4. The lower the ground water table the higher was the productivity indices. The variation of ground water table in the medium textured soils was higher than the both of coarse and fine textured soils among "Moderately well drained". But it was observed the opposite in the soils of "Imperfectly drained".

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1976

The purpose of this investigation is to find out the effects on the changes of microflora and the effects on the inorganic nutrients of the fertilized soil and the non-fertilized soil under submerged condition with the treatment of butachlor at the levels of 250, 500, and 1000ppm respectively. The survey was made within the period of 72 days with 7-day intervals under the incubated condition. The result came out to be the following: 1. The Fluctuated changes of soil microflora A. Bacteria: The plots treated by 500ppm of butachlor in case of non-fertilized soil showed the decreasing tendency of bacteria until 21st day. But there were no effects on the other plots. The plots treated by 250ppm and 500ppm in case of fertilized soil showed decreasing tendency on the 7th day, and 1000ppm until 21st days. B. Actinomycetes: There was no effects on the actinotnycetes in case of the non-fertilized soil but the fertilized soil showed some decrease. In both cases, actinomycetes have generally shown a little increase according to the time passage. C. Fungi: In both cases of the fertilized soil and the non-fertilized soil, the plots treated by the media showed some decreasing tendency in comparison with the control plots. There was no change to the number of fungi according to the time passage. 2. The fluctuated changes of nutrient A. $NH_4-N$: The whole plots showed decrease of $NH_4-N$ by adding butachlor. The higher the intencity of butachiar showed the more decreasing tendency of $NH_4-N$. In case of the non-fertilized soil, the highest increase of $NH_4-N$ appeared from the 7th day to 14th day, but showed degrease thereafter. The increasing tendency was seen in case of the fertilized soil plots. B. $NO_3-N$: Decrease of $NO_3-N$ was shown in the whole plots by the treatment of media, and on the 44th day of cultivation almost none of $NO_3-N$ was detected. C. $NO_2-N$: Whole plots showed the number of $NO_2-N$ highest on the 35th day, and there were nothing measurable on the 44th day. D. Eh: On the fertilized soil, the condition of reduction went on strongly but on the non-fertilized soil, the condition of reduction kept on till 42nd day and oxidation appeared thereafter.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1976

As a basic studies for increasing food production utilizing sandy barren lands and sandy farmlands of low productivity which distributed widely in Korea, an experiment of growing rice-plant on sandy barren land was undertaken as follows. 1. Variety, IR-667 was adopted and the growing method was a nutrient-irrigation culture which aimed to minimize percolation loss in sand with an automatic contineous supplying nutrient solution for supplmenting the sand characteristics. 2. The growth type price-plant after heading was a typical higher yield plant, that is, numerous, small, narrow, and thickend leaves, straight attitute, dense fasciculated etc. though the rooting of plant after planting was delayed because of using paddy-field grown seedling. 3. The adaptability of rice-plants on sandy land seemed to be different by varieties and IR-667 was more adaptable than ordinary Japonica varieties. 4. Even at the period of heading and maturing, the root system of rice-plant grown on sand showed vigorous growth having more activated apical portions. while, even the lower leaves showed flourished state. 5. The suppling of calcium and magnecium in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on sand made notable increase of stem number per plant, grain number per stem and yields.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.325-335
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• 1985

Biogas production from agricultural wastes were summarized as follows: 1. Biogas Generation Characteristics of Various Manures and Residues a. Gas yield from crop residues like rice straw, rice hull, corn stalk and coconut husk can be improved by addition of animal manures. b. Gas yield from coconut husk can be improved through aerobic fermentation for at least one week before loading in the digester. c. Gas yield from fresh rice straw is better than from pre-fermented one, whether alone or in combination with animal manures. d. Initial study has shown that fresh azolla can be substituted for animal manures in manurerice straw combinations and gas yield derived based on unit volatile solids loaded is actually better than for manure-residue combinations. e. Gas production is highly sensitive to substrate pH and becomes almost nil at a pH of below 6. 2. Effect of ambient conditions and other factors on biogas production in a house hold-size digester. a. Results showed that compaction of rice straw in straw-manure combination can reduce gas yield compared with loosely mixed straw. b. The effective gas production period extended to 70 days using freshly threshed rice straw and fresh cattle manure as feed material. c. Underground and above ground digesters with shade have relatively more stable substrate temperature than aboveground exposed digesters. This relative temperature instability may likely be the reason for lower gas yield for the exposed aboveground digester loaded with loose straw-cattle manure substrate, compared with the underground digester with the same substrate. 3. Economic Analysis a. Based on prevailing costs of fuel, materials, and labor in the Philippines, biogas produced from the household size system is cheaper than either LPG or kerosene. b. If other benefits like organic fertilizer, pollution control and convenience are considered, biogas will surely be the best alternative fuel source.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1972

On the seventh day of mounting male and feamale cocoons are distinguished. A part of those male and female pupae is irradiated for 40 min. with 1,000r-ray irradiation. Those eggs obtained from the irradiated pupae are divided into six groups of 5, 15, 45, 90, 720 and 2,400 minutes after laying. The cahanges of accid soluble phosphorus in the each group of eggs are as follows. 1. In the control group of the maximum quantity in acid soluble phosphorus was 1,456r/100mg D.P. in the 2,400 minutes group, while the minimum quantity was 1,233r/100mg D.P. in the 720 minutes group. 2. In the mated group of ＊irradiated female moths and control male moths, the quantity of acid soluble phoshorus was small as compared with the control group in the five minute group of 1,288r/100mg D.P. and in the 15 minutes group of 1,299r/100mg D.P. while the quantity increased to 1,484r/100mg D.P. in the 45 minutes group. The quantity began to decrease again to 1,400r/100mg D.P. in the 2,400 minutes group which was smaller than that of the control group. The quantity was slightly small in the silkworm eggs laid in the early stage when compared with that of mated group of ＊irradiated male moths and control female moths. Both groups showed the larger quantity in the 720 minutes group than that of the control group. The quantity of acid soluble phosphorus in the mated group of control female moths .and ＊irradiated male moths was larger in variation than in the mated group of control male moths and ＊irradiated female moths. 3. In the mated group of ＊irradiated male and female moths the largerst quantity was 1,760r/100ms D.P. in 2,400 minutes group and second was 1,736r/100mg D.P. in 90 minutes group, and third was 1,288r/100mg D. P., in 5 minutes group. Generally the quantity was small in silkworm eggs laid by the irradiated one in the early stage than the control group, but in the later period of egg the quantity began to increase more than that of control group.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.191-205
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• 1995

The carrier materials used for the development of bacterial inoculants to be effective in field were made with various carrier materials of two major forms, alginate bead and powder inoculants. Inoculants were prepared after mixing those carrier materials with Pseudomonas fluorescens SSL3 and Bacillus subtilis B5, and the treatment effects of each inoculants was investigated on cucumber, tomato, pepper and potato. Survival density of SSL3 and B5 in various carrier materials for duration of storage and the bead inoculants were better than the powder. In the powders, survival rate increased in carrier materials treated 5% skimilk. The growth condition of microorganisms in carrier materials is good at powder. When they were preserved in the long period, contamination is problem. Scanning(200 to 600nm) of the P. fluorescens SSL3 supernatant in centrifuged MKB broth incubated for 48h had two main peaks, pyochelin(300nm) and pyoverdin(400nm). The potato yield in field experiments of spring, treated with bead formulas showed increase of 22~29% in whole potato breeds as compared with control, because the bead formulas degraded, and released the antibiotic microorganisms in slow and constant rate. In the pot experiment, there were significant difference in soil, wheatbran, and bead formed wheatbran.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1986

This study was carried out to acguire some basic information on nutritional and lhysiological effects of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae(VAM) on mulberry trees inoculated with Glomus mosseae, Gerd. & Trap. grown in clay for 65 days and treated with 5 different levels of phosphorus, ie 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 ppm as (NH4)2 HPO4. At the End of the expermental period the levels of fixed phosphate in the soil was measared. And the native VAM fungi were collected to select the most effective VAM species on mulberry tree. The nutritional and biochemical effects of VA mycorrhizae on the mulberry leaves were also studied. Those results are as follow. 1. The mulberry trees grown in clay and inoculated with VAM were heavier in shoot dry weight as much as 197% than uninoculated plants. But in vermioulite, uninoculated mulberry trees were heavier as much as 135% than inoculated. 2. The rates of endo mycorrhizal formation in clay was highest at 60 ppm level of phosphorus, and vesicles in roots were formed in 240ppm and 480ppm level of phosphorus, but not in 30ppm, 60ppm and 120ppm. 3. The greatest growth responses of VAM inoculation was found at 60ppm level of hosphorus, and the optimum phosphorus level for VAM responese appeared to be 60ppm. 4. VAM was also to absorb soil-fixed phosphate. VAM abosrbed Fe-bound phosphate most efficiently and Ca-bound phosphate with ease but not Al-bound phosphate and Al-Fe occluded phosphate. 5. Three species of Gigaspora and one species of Glamus growing naturally in mulberry plantations were collected and tested for the growth responses. Gigaspora tricalipta and Gigaspora calospora revealed the greatest growth responses on mulberry tree among tested VAM fungi. 6. Mulberry leaves inoculated with VA mycorrhizal fungi contained 9.8% more phosphate and 15.2% more nitrogen, 22.2% more water-soluble carbohydrates and 15.2% more proteins than uninoculated plants. 7. The electrophoretic pattern of mulberry leaf protein inoculated with VAM fungi has 19 bands. 8. The patterns of peroxidase zymogram and Amulase zymogram were different between the mulberry leaves inoculated and uninoculated with VA mycorrhizal fungi. The peroxidase zymogram of inoculated leaves has 1 less majour band than unioculated leaves The amylase zymogram of inoculated leaves has 2 bands near the +pole, but that of uninoculated leaves has 1 band near the $pole.