• 대한간호학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.821-831
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• 1998

Management of perimenstrual discomfort could be an effective strategy for women's health promotion. This study was designed to develop and test the nursing intervention program for the reduction of the perimenstrual discomfort. The data were collected from a group of 76 female university students (34 in the intervention group, 42 in the control group) during November 20, 1997 and March 10, 1998. Measurements were taken concerning perimenstrual discomfort, self care behavior, and perimenstrual discomfort from both groups, at pre and post intervention. Intervention program involved education, support, counseling, and relaxation training, via individual and group levels over a twelve-week period. Listed are the summarized results : 1. The intervention group had more knowledge con corning perimenstrual discomfort(t=2.290, p=.025), self care behavior(t=3.198, p=.000), and lower perimenstrual discomfort score (t=-4.446, p=.000) than the control group at post intervention. 2. The intervention group showed an enhancement on the knowledge on perimenstrual discomport (t=2.35, p=.025), and decreased the perimenstrual discomfort score(t=-7.36, p=.000). However change of self care behavior was not significant during the intervention. According to this study a developed nursing intervention program is effective for reduction of the perimenstrual discomfort. For a future research, it is necessary that experiments concerning menstruation, and a correlational study of perimenstrual discomfort and stress ill be performed.

• 모자간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.55-69
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• 1992

This study was planned and carried out 1) to identify the general menstrual characteristics, 2) to understand perimenstrual discomfort, menstrual attitude, and sex role acceptance, 3) to investigate the correlation between perimenstrual discomfort, menstrual attitude, sex role acceptance in order to provide basic information about menstruation. The subjects of this study were 313 college women and they were asked to check Menstrual Discomfort questionnaire, Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire, and Role Acceptance Scale. Data were gathered from April 1 to June 24, 1992. The results were as follows : 1) The mean age of the subjects was 19, and the mean age of monarch was 13.6 ranged from 11 to 19. The distribution of menstrual cycle showed a wide variation and the mean cycle was 29.7 days. The duration of menstrual cycle was between 2-8 days, and in 65.8% the amount of menstrual fluid was within normal limit. 2) The frequencies of perimenstrual discomfort was 56.9% when asked to check it on 5 point scale. 3) All scores of perimenstrual discomfort were higher on premenstrual period than intermenstrual period, and higher on menstrual period than premenstrual period. They were statistically significant. 4) In general, the college women perceived menstruation as natural, somewhat bothersome, and not very debilitating or predictable, although they did not deny that menstruation had some effects. 5) The correlation between perimenstrual discomfort and menstrual attitude was significant. 6) The correlation between perimenstrual discomfort and sex role acceptance was significant. 7) The correlation between menstrual attitude and sex role acceptance was significant.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.288-295
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify an attitude toward menstruation, perimenstrual symptoms, and coping used by female college students. Methods: A convenience sample of 151 students was obtained from two nursing colleges in Mokpo and Gwangju. Data were collected through questionnaires from June 15 to June 28, 2005. Three instruments were used in this study, the menstrual symptoms, menstrual attitude, and menstrual coping. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation using SPSS 10.0 program. Results: The results showed that most 3rd and 4th year students complained about discomfort during their perimenstrual period, had a negative attitude toward menstruation due to the discomfort, but coped well during the period even with a lot of discomfort. With this results, there is a need for a nursing mediator to provide relief for discomfort during perimenstrual period so college female students have a positive attitude toward menstruation. There is a need for further research to determine the relationship between other variables and discomfort during the perimenstrual period. It is also needed to investigate if there are differences in these variables studied according to ages and occupations in women. Conclusion: From these findings, problem solving strategies for menstrual symptoms, positive attitudes, and coping should be a comprehensive approach to a nursing intervention to help women.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.162-175
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• 1999

The study was intended to investigate and explore the preimenstrual symptoms, their severity levels, their patterns and the relationships of the age to those symptoms and patterns among Korean women. The data were collected from 844 women in one highschool, one Nursing college and one Korea National Open University in Seoul, from Nov, 1997 to Jun. 1998. The instruments were the Menstrual Symptoms Questionnaire developed by Chesney and the Center for Epidemiologic studies Depression scale developed by Radloff. the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple comparison test, $X^2$-test, simple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis using pc-SAS program. The results were as follows ; 1. Korean women had more symptoms of abdominal bloating, fatigue, abdominal discomfort and backache in perimenstrual period. There Teenages had more symptoms of depression and uterine cramps in the day before or the first day of menstruation. Women in their twenties had more symptoms of abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort, backache, abdominal bloating and the sensitiveness /discomforts in the lower back, abdomen and inner part of thighs. women in their thirties had more symptoms of abdominal bloating, fatigue, tension and nervousness before the menstruation, abdominal discomfort and backpain in the first day of menstruation. Women in their forties had more symptoms of backache, breast discomforts, abdominal pain and discomforts. 2. The severity levels of the perimenstrual symptoms showed the highest score(mean=2.73) in twenties and the lowest score)mean=1.96) in forties The perimenstrual symptom patterns were prevailed the spasmodic menstrual symptoms in teenage and twenties and the congestive menstrual symptoms in thirties and forties. The age was a determinant of perimenstrual symptom patterns and the precipitative equation was log[p(age)/(1-p(age)]=2.7356-0.0982 age. 3. The relationship of the age to perimenstrual symptoms was vanished or lessened, controlling for parity as a test factor. this finding supports the notion that parity is an extraneous variable.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.415-423
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• 2003

Purpose: This study aims to examine whether the kinesio tape method can relax perimenstrual symptoms and decrease the menstrual pain of those who complain of perimenstrual discomforts. Method: This study has been designed to use the nonequivalent control group in the pre and post-test. The data have been collected from unmarried females complaining of perimenstrual discomfort and living in D city from the 2nd of February through the 10th of April, 2002. An experimental group of 32 people and a control group of 35 people were chosen, and they were first investigated for symptoms before and after menstruation when the menstrual pain was the severest and for the VAS measurement of menstrual pain. For the experimental group, the kinesio tape method was conducted two times a week for three weeks (six times in all), and the control group remained intact. The investigations after the experimental treatment were carried out in the same way as before. The measuring instruments were the peri menstrual measuring instruments of symptoms of 42 items and the menstrual pain was measured by VAS Result: The primary hypothesis: The experimental group who used the kinesio tape method would experience less perimenstrual discomfort than the control group who did not use it. The first sub-hypothesis: The first sub-hypothesis that suggests 'The experimental group who used the kinesio tape method would experience more relaxation of perimenstrual symptom than the control group who did not use it' was supported. The second sub-hypothesis: The second sub-hypothesis that suggests that 'The experimental group who used the kinesio tape method would get lower scores of menstrual pain of VAS than the control group who did not use it' was supported. Conclusion: These results of the study show that the kinesio tape method is effective in relaxing perimenstrual symptoms and lessening menstrual pain.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.233-243
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• 1998

This study was performed to compare the transcultural differences on perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes and sex role acceptance between Korean and American college students. The subjects, 2557 nursing students were selected from 13 universities all around Korea, and 4 universities in the eastern, western, and middle areas of the United States. The data were collected using the MDQ (Menstrual Distress Questionnaire by Moos), the MAQ(Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire), and the Sex Role Acceptance Scale, the subjects answered the MDQ for three points (premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual based on their recollections) between July, 1996 and April, 1997. The findings are as follows : 1. There were significant differences in the age of menarche, duration of menstruation, and menstrual cycle between the Koreans and the Americans. 2. As for sex role acceptance, Americans more frequently denied the traditional female role than did Koreans. 3. There were significant differences between the two groups on five categories of menstrual attitude (menstruation is a phenomena that weakens women physically and psychologically, menstruation is a bothersome phenomena, menstruation is a natural phenomena, menstruation onset is a predictable phenomena, and menstruation is a phenomena that does not influence womens' behaviors non is expected to). 4. For the menstrual discomfort scores, there were significant differences between the two groups on all six categories of the MDQ(pain, attention deficit, behavioral changes, AMS response, water retention, and negative emotion) for the three points (premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual period). 5. The most common complaints for the Korean women were pain during the perimenstrual period and fatigue during the intermenstrual period. In contrast, for the Americans the most common complaint was negative emotions during the perimenstrual period, but less pain than the Koreans, and a similarity to Koreans during the intermenstrual period. 6. Regularity of the menstrual cycle was positively correlated with age of menarche, menstrual cycle, and duration of menstruation. 7 For the interrelationship between of Perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes, and sex role acceptance, there were significant correlations for both group as follows : First, the MA category "menstruation is a bothering phenomena" was negatively correlated with sex role acceptance, second, the MA category "menstruation is a phenomena that weakens the women physically and psychologically" was positively correlated with the MA category "menstruation onset is a predictable phenomena." For the further research, it is recommended that efficient nursing intervention programs for perimenstrual discomforts, be developed and qualitative research to demonstrate the cultural differences as the feminism view point be done.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2006

Purpose: To identify perimenstrual discomforts, coping and relief of symptoms in female workers. Methods: A convenience sample of 203 women who had worked were obtained from two hospitals in Busan. Data were collected through questionnaires from November 8 to 16, 2004. Three instruments were used in this study: the Perimenstrual Discomfort Questionnaire by Park(1988) and the Menstrual Coping Questionnaire and the Relief of Symptoms by Billings & Moos(1981) modified for this study. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS 10.0 program. Results: The prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea was 81.3%. The total mean score for perimenstrual discomforts was 2.83 out of a possible total of 5 and the mean score for each category was, 3.08 for water retention, 2.95 for pain, 2.88 for negative affect, 2.83 for behavioral change, 2.73 for autonomic reactions, and 2.51 for concentration. According to these study results, statistical differences were found for age(F=2.76, p=0.04), feeling to menstruation(F=3.94, p=0.00), dysmenorrhea(t=4.26, p=0.00), and taking medication(t=2.09, p=0.00). The coping modes with the highest scores were 'take a hot bath'(99.0%)', 'rest and go to bed'(83.7%), 'regard menstruation as a physiological and temporary phenomenon'(76.8%), 'take a warm shower'(65.0%). The most frequently used methods to relieve symptoms were 'rest and go to bed'(70.0%), 'take a warm shower'(57.6%), 'take pain killers'(49.8%), 'apply hot water bag on painful parts of the body'(46.8%). Conclusion: Further research is needed to understand perimenstrual discomforts and the variables associated with them. Nursing intervention has to be considered in any program aiming to reduce perimenstrual discomforts.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.212-223
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate work stress and identify the various factors affecting stress in married women in working manufacturing industries. Data were collected between March 31 and June 28, 2003 from 266 married women working in 10 manufacturing industries in Korea. The self-administered questionnaire included general characteristics. social support, and work stress. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Cronbach's alpha. SPSS/win 11.0 was used to assist analysis. The results of the study are as follows: 1. Scores for work stress in the field of sub-categories 2. Perceived work stress was significantly different according to salary, behavior type, discomfort related to menstruation, consumption, duty type, job stability, weekly work time and family, 3. Social support had a significant negative relationship with work stress. Accordingly, stress management for married working women will be more successful if interventions not only address each person's unique needs, for example, control of perimenstrual discomforts and health behavior change, but also are accompanied by organizational management strategies and policies, for example, improvement of work environment and nursery facilities.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.224-244
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• 1993

This study was designed to develop and test a model of the theoretical structure of factors influencing womens’ attitudes toward menstruation, specifically, premenstrual discomfort or pain, negative affect, disability and role acceptance. The conceptual framework was built through a review of the literature. For the purpose of testing the model, data were collected from April to June, 1992 with the use of Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire, Sex Role Acceptance Scale. Data analysis was done with the SPSS PC/sup +/ for descriptive statistics and PC-LXSREL 7.13 for covariance structure. The study subjects consisted of 320 women college students in 2 three-year nursing junior colleges and 1 department of nursing of a college of medicine. The mean age of the subjects was 19, the mean age at monarch was 13.7, the mean menstrual cycle was 29.7 days and the mean menstrual duration was 5.3 days. The amount of menstrual discharge was moderate and the menstrual cycle variability was within 3 days. The score for pain, negative affect and disability were higher during the perimenstrual period than intermenstrual period. The fit of the hypothetical model with the six paths and the empirical data was high [X²(df=4)=. 57 (P=.966), GFI =.999, AGFI =.997, RMR=.008]. The hypotheses were supported on acceptable level of significance. 1) The higher the pain and negative affect, the stronger the disability. 2) The higher the pain, negative affect and disability, the more negative the attitudes toward menstruation. 3) The lower the women's role acceptance, the more negative the attitudes toward menstruation. The model was supported by the empirical data, and thus these results may help nurses and nursing scientists to understand and support these phenomena of womens’ health experience.