• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2012

본 연구의 주목적은 전자상거래 환경 하에서 지각된 위험요인이 고객의 지각된 가치와 재구매의도에 미치는 영향을 분석해 보는 것이다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 선행문헌 고찰결과를 토대로 전자상거래 이용자의 지각된 위험으로 프라이버시 위험, 시간적 위험, 경제적 위험, 심리적 위험, 상품성능 위험 등 여섯 가지 요인을 설정하였고, 전자상거래 성과를 측정하기 위하여 지각된 가치와 재구매의도를 포함한 연구모형을 구축하였다. 설문조사 결과, 전자상거래 이용자 174명으로부터 자료가 수집되었으며, 공분산 구조모델 분석을 통해 가설검정을 수행하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같이 요약해 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 지각된 위험 중 프라이버시 위험, 경제적 위험, 심리적 위험, 상품성능 위험 등 네 가지 요인이 지각된 가치에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 지각된 가치는 전자상거래 쇼핑몰의 재구매의도에 매우 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 연구결과를 토대로 전자상거래 환경에서 고객의 지각된 가치와 재구매의도를 향상시키기 위한 전략에 대한 논의가 이루어졌으며, 연구의 시사점과 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.132-140
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• 2005

Objectives: To propose a risk-adjustment model from insurance claims data, and analyze the changes in cesarean section rates of healthcare organizations after adjusting for risk distribution. Methods: The study sample included delivery claims data from January to September, 2003. A risk-adjustment model was built using the 1st quarter data, and the 2nd and 3rd quarter data were used for a validation test. Patients' risk factors were adjusted using a logistic regression analysis. The c-statistic and Hosmer-Lemeshow test were used to evaluate the performance of the risk-adjustment model. Crude, predicted and risk-adjusted rates were calculated, and compared to analyze the effects of the adjustment. Results: Nine risk factors (malpresentation, eclampsia, malignancy, multiple pregnancies, problems in the placenta, previous Cesarean section, older mothers, bleeding and diabetes) were included in the final risk-adjustment model, and were found to have statistically significant effects on the mode of delivery. The c-statistic (0.78) and Hosmer-Lemeshow test ($x^2$=0.60, p=0.439) indicated a good model performance. After applying the 2nd and 3rd quarter data to the model, there were no differences in the c-statistic and Hosmer-Lemeshow $x^2$. Also, risk factor adjustment led to changes in the ranking of hospital Cesarean section rates, especially in tertiary and general hospitals. Conclusion: This study showed a model performance, using medical record abstracted data, was comparable to the results of previous studies. Insurance claims data can be used for identifying areas where risk factors should be adjusted. The changes in the ranking of hospital Cesarean section rates implied that crude rates can mislead people and therefore, the risk should be adjusted before the rates are released to the public. The proposed risk-adjustment model can be applied for the fair comparisons of the rates between hospitals.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.450-470
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• 2018

This study examined the risk components and risk types perceived in the context of purchasing decisions of paper fashion products. This study also identified the levels of perceived risk by consumers and the differences between age groups in risk perception. First, qualitative data were collected through a focus group interview with 7 Korean females in their 20s to 50s. The interviewees were presented with two types of paper materials (undyed and dyed Jumchi-Hanji) and products (bags and wallets) made with the papers. The interviewees mentioned 11 risk components which were classified into five types of risks: performance (easily torn/lack of durableness, lint/pilling/wear-out, lack of water-resistant, no washability, and deformation and discoloration over time), social-psychological (old and traditional image), aesthetic (lack of design diversity, unsatisfactory appearance due to repair), financial (expensive price, lack of usability in daily life) and time/convenience (difficulty in handling) risks. Based on the results of the interview, a measurement for evaluating the risk perception of paper fashion products was developed. Second, quantitative data were collected from 64 Korean women in their 20s to 50s using the measurement. Respondents who were presented with the paper materials and the products perceived the performance risk more strongly than the social-psychological risk and aesthetic risk. In addition, differences between age groups were found: younger respondents perceived performance risk and social-psychological risk more strongly than older respondents, but older respondents perceived financial risk more than younger respondents. Based on this study, strategies for the risk reduction of paper fashion products were proposed.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2022

Purpose: COVID-19 has negatively influenced the financial performance of restaurant firms. Previous literature suggests that the franchising strategy effectively helps restaurant firms recover from difficult business conditions through various methods for expanding business size and enhancing business efficiency. According to risk-sharing theory, restaurant franchisors may minimize operational risks by sharing the risks with their franchisees. For instance, restaurant franchisors could generate more stable cash flow using franchise fees from their franchisees. However, research on the effect of franchise's risk reduction factor on business performance during pandemic is scarce. Thus, this study aims to examine the positive moderating effect of franchising between COVID-19 and restaurants' financial performance. Research design, data, and methodology: Panel data including financial information and franchising status of restaurant firms were collected for analysis. In order to control for unobserved firm-specific factors, generalized least squared estimation in fixed effects model was conducted. Huber-White robust standard errors were used to deal with heteroscedasticity issues. Results: It was found that COVID-19 pandemic has a negative effect on the restaurants' financial performance such as ROA (return on assets), ROE (return on equity), and PM (profit margins), which confirms the findings from existing literature. More importantly, results show that the degree of franchising has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between COVID-19 and financial performance of restaurant firms. This suggests that more active engagement in franchising may decrease negative impacts of COVID-19 on the restaurants' financial performance. Conclusions: The study supports existing literature related to risk-sharing theory, by confirming that pandemics, such as COVID-19, negatively affect financial performance of the restaurants. Furthermore, it was found that franchising strategy can help lessen negative impacts of pandemics on the firm performance. These findings can contribute to the franchise and restaurant management literature by suggesting the role of franchising in reducing business risks, thereby positively affecting financial performance. Moreover, this study offers business managers of franchisors and franchisees insights for utilizing franchising in restaurant risk management. Policymakers may also gain information on aiding restaurant firms during global crisis, such as COVID-19.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.149-168
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• 2014

This study investigates the effect of perceived risk on attitude toward mobile Social Network Services (SNSs). First, we understand that perceived risk of SNSs is a multidimensional concept, and we study the relationship between attitude and perceived risk such as social risk, performance risk, and privacy risk in SNS environments. Subsequently, the relationships between these multidimensional concepts of perceived risk and attitude are investigated. The result indicates that social, performance, and privacy risk have negative effects on attitude. In addition, the moderated effect of individual characteristic variables such as hedonic value and self-construal are confirmed as mitigating factors that alleviate the negative impact of perceived risk. The Findings show that customers who perceive SNSs to be risky are more likely to have a negative attitude toward SNSs. However, the negative impact of perceived risk on their attitude toward SNSs is alleviated in customers with high hedonic value. Similarly, the negative impact of perceived risk on their attitude toward SNS is weaker with customers in interdependent self-construal. This paper presents effective segmentation variables, such as consumer's motivation (hedonic value) and psychological variable (self-construal), which mitigate the risk perception of customers. Therefore, it provides practical guidelines for the marketing managers in terms of who to target and what kind of strategies to implement in terms of these segmentation variables to approach consumers more efficiently.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.431-439
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• 2018

Less mature nuclear reactor technologies are characterized by a greater uncertainty due to insufficient detailed design information, operational data, cost information, etc., but the expected performance characteristics of less mature options are usually more attractive in comparison with more mature ones. The greater uncertainty is, the higher economic risks associated with the project realization will be. Within a comparative evaluation of less and more mature nuclear reactor technologies, it is necessary to apply economic risk measures to balance judgments regarding the economic performance of less and more mature options. Assessments of any risk metrics involve calculating different characteristics of probability distributions of associated economic performance indicators and applying the Monte-Carlo method. This paper considers the applicability of statistical risk measures for different economic performance indicators within a trial case study on a comparative evaluation of less and more mature unspecified LWRs. The presented case study demonstrates the main trends associated with the incorporation of economic risk metrics into a comparative evaluation of less and more mature nuclear reactor technologies.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1995년도 Proceedings of the Korea Automation Control Conference, 10th (KACC); Seoul, Korea; 23-25 Oct. 1995
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• pp.444-447
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• 1995

The satellite in a circular orbit about a planet with disturbances and a three-degree-of-freedom (3DOF) structure under seismic excitations are modeled by the linear stochastic differential equations. Then the risk-sensitive optimal control method is applied to those equations. The mean and the variance of the cost function varies with respect to the risk-sensitivity parameter, .gamma.$_{RS}$ . For a particular risk-sensitivity parameter value, risk-sensitive control reduces to LQG control. Furthermore, the derivation of the mean square value of the state and control action are given for a finite-horizon full-state-feedback risk-sensitive control system. The risk-sensitive controller outperforms a classical LQG controller in the mean square sense of the state and the control action.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.38-49
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• 2015

본 연구는 패밀리레스토랑의 유형적 근거가 고객들의 지각된 위험 및 총만족에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 것이었다. 자료 분석을 위하여 CFA와 SEM이 사용되었다. 유형적 근거는 3개의 요인으로, 지각된 위험은 6개의 요인으로 분석되었다. 분석결과, 유형적 근거 1 '물리적 증거'는 금전적 위험(p<0.01), 성과적 위험(p<0.01), 심리적 위험(p<0.001)에 부정적인 영향을 주었다. 유형적 근거 2 '종사원'은 시간적 위험(p<0.001), 성과적 위험(p<0.001), 심리적 위험(p<0.01), 사회적 위험(p<0.001)에 부정적인 영향을 주었다. 한편 유형적 근거 3 '서비스 과정'은 신체적 위험(p<0.01), 시간적 위험(p<0.05), 금전적 위험(p<0.001), 성과적 위험(p<0.01)에 부정적인 영향을 주었다. 그리고 지각된 위험 중에서 시간적 위험(p<0.001), 성과적 위험(p<0.001), 사회적 위험(p<0.001)은 고객의 총만족에 부정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 결국 본 연구의 결과를 통해 유형적 근거는 고객의 위험인지에 유의한 영향을 주었으며 또한 고객은 이에 따라 만족 혹은 불만족을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 외식기업은 고객의 위험인지를 감소시키는 마케팅 전략으로써 뿐만 아니라 만족을 유도하는 중요한 대안으로써 유형적 근거를 지속적으로 관리할 필요가 있다.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제53권9호
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• pp.487-493
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• 2004

The electric power industry throughout the world is undergoing considerable changes from the vertically integrated utility structure to the deregulated market. However, the deregulated electricity market is operated with respect to theory of economical efficiency, and therefore, the system operator requires data with fast contingency ranking for security of the bulk power system. This paper compares the weather dependant probabilistic risk index(PRI) with the system performance index for power flow in the IEEE-RTS. The system performance index for power flow presents the power system stability. This paper presents fast calculation method for determining contingency ranking using the weather dependant probabilistic risk index(PRI). The probabilistic risk index can be classified into the case of normal and adverse weather. This paper proposes calculation method using the probabilistic risk index in determining contingency ranking required for security under the deregulated electricity market.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.15.1-15.8
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for repeat breeder dairy cows and their impact on reproductive performance. The characteristics of 1,504 cows, including their peripartum health, nutrition, production, and reproduction, were collected. Cows with metabolic disorder were significantly more likely (odds ratio [OR], 2.47; p < 0.001) and cows with clinical endometritis tended to be more likely (OR, 1.35; p < 0.1) to become repeat breeders than cows without metabolic disorder and clinical endometritis, respectively. Cows initially inseminated > 80 days after calving were less likely (OR, 0.78; p < 0.05) to become repeat breeders than cows initially inseminated ≤ 80 days after calving. As a result, repeat breeding in dairy cows resulted in a 90 day longer (p < 0.0001) mean interval from calving to pregnancy. In conclusion, postpartum metabolic disorder, clinical endometritis, and a short interval from calving to initial insemination were risk factors for repeat breeder dairy cows, resulting in a severely impaired reproductive performance.