• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 1986

Sysnthesis and accumulation pattern or nonstructural carbohydrates in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cv. Potomac and Baraula, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. Reveille and Semperweide and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) cv. Cosmos 11 and N.F.G. were studied under different meteorological environments and cutting managements. The field experiments were conducted as a split plot design with three cutting regimes of 6-7 cuts at grzing stage, 4-5 cuts at silage stage and 3 cuts at hay stage in Korea and West Germany from 1975 to 1979. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Accumlation of nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate grasses was influenced by grass species and regional climatic environments. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) of orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue in Korea, taken as average of all cutting regimes, were shown a value of 4.39%, 6.08% and 8.01%, respectively, while those under cool summer climatic condition in West Germany accumulated to 10.42% (orchardgrass), 18.02% (perennial ryegrass) and 12.73% (meadow fescue). 2. Nonstructural carbohydrates in orchardgrass were accumulated mainly as mono-and disaccharose, while those in perennial ryegrass resreved as fructosan. The contents of fructosan and mono-and disaccharose were 1.34% and 3.04% for orchardgrass, 3.25% and 2.83% for perenninal ryegrass, respectively. Meadow fescue had a concentration of 3.93% fructosan and 4.08% mono-and disaccharose. 3. Synthesis and accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate grasses were negative associated with increasing of air temperature (P$\leq$ 0.1%). Under hot stress during summer season in Korea, the contents of fructosan, mono-and disaccharose were decreased to about 0.34% nd 1.28% from a value of 1.34% and 2.69% in spring season. In Freising and Braunschweig, the concentration of reserved carbohydrates was less influenced by growing season. 4. Synthesis and accumulation pattern of nonstructural carbohydrates were shown a great respons to cutting frequency of the plants. Frequent cutting system under high temperature lowered the accumulation of reserved carbohydrates, especially fructosan and also caused to decrease the plant regrowth. However, under cool temperature, it shows a less differences of tructosan, mono-and disaccharose in the plants at all cutting systems.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 1999

The influence of increasing livel (0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0%) fo NaCl on the germination of red fescue (Festuca rubra) 'Sea Breeze', tall fesce(Festucaarundinacea) 'Pixie', creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. rubra) 'Cindy', annual rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum) 'Permer Ⅱ', perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 'Pennant', fairway wheatgrass(Agropyron cristatum), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) 'Penncross', and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) 'Nuglade' was investigated. Red fescue 'Sea Breeze', tall fescue 'Pixie', and creeping red fescue 'Cindy' had greater than 90% seed germination at NaCl concentrations of 0.2% or lower, while showing similar seeding shoot and root lengths and TAA50 values as the control. Creeping red fescue 'Cindy'gave at 0.6% or higher NaCl. Perennial ryegrass 'Pennant' and annual ryegrass 'Permer Ⅱ' showed more than 95% seed germination when NaCl concentrations were 0.4% and 0.8%, respectively. Fairway wheatgrass, creeping bentgrass 'Penncross' and Kentucky bluegrass 'Nugade' had showing similar germination percent, shoot and root lengths and T50 values as the control at NaCl concentrations of 0.1% or lower. In general, germination percent and the lengthes of seedling roots and shoots of all species tested decreased as NaCl concentrations iscreased. The T50 values became greater as NaCl concentration increased. Seed fermination in red fescue 'Sea Breeze', tall fescue 'Pixie',perennial ryegrass 'Pennant', and annual ryegrass 'Permer Ⅱ' was compoetely inhibited at 2.0% NaCl. Creeping red fescue 'Cindy' and fairway wheatgrass gardly germinated at 1.6% MaCl. Creeping bentgrass 'Penncross' and Dentucky bluegrass 'Nuglade' showed a complete inhibition of germination at 1.2% and 0.6% NaCl, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.226-231
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• 1992

This experiment was carried out to estimate the dry matter accumulation using growth analysis in spring growth of perennial ryegrass varieties grown under space planting conditions, based on the data of previous paper9'. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Growth parameters of leaf area ratio(LAR), specific leaf area(SLA) and leaf weight ratio(LWR) were recognized siginificant differences between varieties. But, specific leaf area(SLA), leaf weight ratio (LWR) and relative tiller appearance rate(RTAR) were recognized significant differences between growth stages. Specific leaf area(SLA) was significant difference for the interaction of variety Xgrowth stage. 2. The relative growth rate of biological yields(BYRGR) indicated significantly positive correlations with relative growth rate of shoot(RGR) and root(RWGR), and net assimilation rate(NAR) as affected by the varieties and growth stages. 3. The relative growth rate of biological yields(BYRGR) indicated significantly positive correlation with nct assimilation rate(NAR) in all varieties. Leaf area ratio(LAR) had significantly positive correlation with specific leaf area(SLA) in all varieties, but shows a significant negative correlation with leaf weight ratio(LWR) of Maprima variety. 4. The relative growth rate of biological yields(BYRGR) indicated significantly positive correlations with the absolute growth rates of yield components.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 1988

다른 生長條件(growth chamber, outdoor)과 室素施肥條件(N O, N 60kg $ha^{-1}$에서 자란 perennial ryegrass잎에 있어서 葉伸長率(LER)과 伸長部位의 空間的 移動 및 細胞의 伸長등을 알아보고자, 잎 基部내 伸長部位의 0~30mm에 pin 처리를 하고 일정시간후 pin hole의 이동거리로서 生長을 조사하였으며 표면복제방법에 의해 細胞의 길이를 측정하였다. Growth chamber에서 자란 목초의 LER은 25.2mm day$^{-1}$(outdoor 목초에 비해 54.6% 증가), 생육의 공간분포는 基部로부터 24mm까지, 최대생육은 10~13mm에서, 세포신장은 20mm까지로 관찰되었다. Outdoor 목초는 LER 16.3mm, 생육분포는 17mm까지, 최대생육은 5~8mm에서, 세포신장은 14mm까지였다. 질소시비구 목초의 LER은 30.3mm day$^{-1}$(무시비구 목초에 비해 61.2% 증가), 생육분포는 基部로부터 27mm까지, 최대생육은 13~15mm에서, 세포신장은 21mm까지였으며, 질소무시비구 목초는 LER 21.3mm, 생육 분포는 21mm까지, 최대생육은 8~11에서, 세포신장은 16mm까지였다. Ligule 부위의 세포길이는 현저히 짧아졌으며, LER이 빠를때 伸長部位내 生育의 移動速度도 빨랐다.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1991

This experiment was carried out in order to study the changes of morphological characters of growth and thatch accumulation in perennial ryegrass as affected by the different levels of soil compaction and coring depth. Soil compactions were treated with 10, 20, 30 and 40kg power roller and artificial core depth were 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0cm under the ground, respectively. And, artificial core space were fixed 84.5% in all soil compaction levels. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Relationship between number of tillers and root weight was positive significant difference for soil compaction levels. 2. Relationships between shoot dry weight and thatch weight, and number of tillers were positively significant difference for artificial core depths. It may indicate that thatch accumulation depend on the growth of shoot, and increase of shoot dry weight as growth progressed may due to increase of number of tillers, respectively. 3. Soil compaction level of 20kg was greatly influenced on the growth of shoot in all artificial soil depths. Thus, shoot dry weight and number of tillers were obtained the highest value, but thatch and root weight were obtained the lowest values at the soil compaction level of 20kg. It was suggested that soil compaction of 20kg is very suitable rolling factor for turf maintenance. 4. Thatch weight was positively significant difference for the interaction of soil compaction levelXcoring depth.5. Thatch weight was positive significant correlated with root weight, and negative significant correlated with number of tillers by increase of soil compaction levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.102-109
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• 1998

This study was conducted to find out the growth characteristic of mixed-seeding in the grasses for slope revegetation measures. Seeding treatment with six combination types of five grasses used for this experiment such as orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata 'Potomac'), perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne 'Manhattan'), tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea 'Jaguar'), kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensis 'Majestic') and weeping lovegrass(Eragrostis curvula). The growth of orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue were good on mixed-seeding condition in case of number of individuals, heights and coverages at this experiment. These plants will useful for revegetation measures mixed-seeding, but weeping love grass and kentucky bluegrass did not show a desirable growth in mixed-seeding condition, and these plant prefered mixed seeding to single seeding. Regeneration percents of orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue were higher than that of weeping love grass and kentucky bluegrass, and coverage kept on good condition through one year after seeding, therefore, these plants will effective for initial stage revegetation measures.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 1989

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of paclobutrazol [(2 RS , 3 RS )1-(4- chlor-ophenyl )-4, 4- dimethyl -2- (1, 2, 4- triazol -1- yl )- pentan -3-01] on the tolerance of hi-gh temperature and drought stress as related to growth retardation , iranspiration rate , soil water content , nitrogen level and photosynthetic rate in perennial ryegrass ( Loliurn perenne L . ' Omega H , ). Plants were given a 30 ml soil drench of paclohutrazol at the concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.. 0, mg / 6 .5cm- diameter pot . The rcsults were as follows : 1. Increasing concentrations of paclohutrazul reduced plant height , leaf area , fresh weight and dry weight , hut increased chlorophyll content per unit area . The number of tillers and leaf width were not affected hy the paclobutrazol concentrations . 2. The proper concentration of paclohatrazol on growth retardation in perennial ryegrass was about I mq /pot , hut leaf deformity and severe growth retardation were shown at high concentration of 10 mq / pot . 3. Perennial ryegrasses grown at 30˚C were shown significantly short plant height and low leaf nitrogen level compared with those grown at 20˚C. Increasing concentrations of paclohutrazol at 20˚C increased nitrogen level hut it could not increase nitrogen level at 30˚C . 4. During the drought stress , increasing temperatures significantly promoted transpiration rate and wilting time . It took about 5 days at 20˚C and 3 days at 30˚C to reach wilting time of leaves from water stress treatment . Soil water contents at wilting time of non-treated controls were averaged 6. 871% at 20˚C and 6. 17% at 30˚C 5. Paclohutrazol reduced transpiration rate at high temperature and drought stress . Wilting appeared at the lower water content of soil according to increasing concentrations of paclobutrazol at 30˚C hut there were no differences among concentrations of at 20˚C. 6.Paclohutrazol treatment at 1 rag /pot reduced injury rate of leaves from 67.1 % and 100 % in control plants to 15.7% and 80% at 20˚C and 3010, respectively. 7. Photosynthetic rate per unit area was significantly reduced at high temperature . Paclohutrazol stimulated photosynthetic rate with increase of concentrations at 20˚C but there was no increasing effect at 30˚C.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2009

A system for the production of transgenic plants has been developed for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Included in this study were two factors which may affect the gene transfer efficiency: concentrations of acetosyringone (AS, 0 to 300 ${\mu}M$), and co-culture period (1 to 7 days). Both factors were very important to achieve high efficiency gene transformation in the perennial ryegrass. The highest transformation efficiency was obtained when embryogenic calli were inoculated with Agrobacterium in the presence of 100 ${\mu}M$ AS with the culture medium for 5 days. Phosphinothricin resistant calli were developed with into complete plants. GUS histochemical assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Northern blot analysis of transgenic plants demonstrated that transgenes were integrated into the genome of perennial ryegrass. Using this protocol, it was possible to obtain transformants efficiently for further study.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2012

When perennial ryegrass was overseeded in bermudagrass fairway, shoot density of perennial ryegrass was gradually increased to $88,000/m^2$ at the end of May, however dramatically decreased to 0 in September over the rainy season. On the other hand, that of bermudagrass increased from $2,000/m^2$ in March to $20,000/m^2$ in early June, and then decreased to $4,000/m^2$ at the end of July, after the rainy season, rapidly increased to $50,000/m^2$ in early September. Overseeding bermudagrass fairway with perennial ryegrass was maintained a good quality from mid-April to mid-June and decreased the quality over the rainy season from late June to July, and then turf quality was decrease to the worst level at the end of July. After the rainy season fairway quality was improved gradually and was the highest-level during September and early October. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium was treated to minimize the deterioration in turf quality due to early bermudgrass transition time in spring. Consequently, transition was started in mid-May and shoot density of bermudagrass treated by trifloxysulfuron-sodium was $70,000/m^2$ in mid-June. Even in the rainy season it was sustained as $30,000/m^2$, approximately three times higher than that of untreated overseeding fairway.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.242-248
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• 2023

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of trinexapac-ethyl (TE) and prohexadione-calcium (PC) on the growth and turf quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Treatments were designed as follows; control (non-treatment), TE (TE 0.01 a.i. g·m^-2·100mL^-1), and PC (PC 0.01 a.i. g·m^-2·100mL^-1). Compared with control, turf color index and chlorophyll content of TE and PC treatments were not significantly different. As applied plant growth regulators (PGRs), shoot length in the TE and PC was decreased by 8.9-12.4% and 6.7-13.6%, respectively, and clipping yield by 44.4-45.8% and 40.6-40.9%. When evaluated with the growth of shoot length after applying PGRs, residual days of TE and PC were 43.6 and 37.9 days after treatment of PGRs (DAT) in the 1st experiment (July 29-August 26), respectively, and 38.3 and 39.5 DATs in the 2nd experiment (September 30-October 28). These results indicated that an application of TE or PC decreased shoot length and clipping yield in the perennial ryegrass, and their residual time was about 40±3 DATs. Perennial ryegrass applied with PGRs like TE and PC was not significant seasonal difference, and might be not phytotoxic.