• Perinatology
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.165-169
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• 2018

Objective: Highly sensitive haptoglobin measurement should be used in neonates because the haptoglobin concentration in neonates is lower than that of adults. The aim of this study was to establish the reference values of haptoglobin levels in the cord blood of uninfected neonates. Methods: The cord blood of 29 preterm and 51 term babies was collected, and data from the mother and the newborn were recorded. The haptoglobin concentrations of 80 cord blood samples were simultaneously measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Assaypro, St Charles, MO, USA) and immunoturbidimetry assay (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). C-reactive protein (CRP) was also measured by immunoturbidimetry assay (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland). Results: Mean values of CRP and ELISA haptoglobin were not significantly different between preterm and term babies. The 2.5 percentile and 97.5 percentile values of ELISA haptoglobin concentration were as follows: 80 neonates, 0.01 mg/dL and 0.59 mg/dL; 29 preterm babies, 0.08 mg/dL and 0.18 mg/dL; and 51 term babies, 0.07 mg/dL and 0.23 mg/dL. There were no differences in ELISA haptoglobin concentration according to maternal underlying diseases, delivery method, usage of antibiotics or steroids before delivery, gestational age, gender of baby, or twin gestation. Conclusion: A highly sensitive haptoglobin method should be used to determine the haptoglobin concentration in Korean newborns because the reference values of cord blood haptoglobin concentration in Korean newborns are less than the lower detection limit for commonly used immunoturbidimetric haptoglobin measurement methods.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.174-180
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• 2014

In this paper, a new and simple method is proposed to quickly estimate the induced electric field in the human child exposed to a 100 kHz-10 MHz magnetic field, for the sake of electromagnetic field (EMF) safety assessment. The quasi-static finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to calculate the induced electric fields in high resolution 3D human child models with various body size parameters, in order to derive the correction factor for the estimation equation. The calculations are repeated for various frequencies and incident angles of the magnetic field. Based on these calculation results, a new and simple estimation equation for the 99th percentile value of the body electric field is derived that depends on the body size parameters, and the incident magnetic field. The estimation errors were equal to or less than 5.1%, for all cases considered.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.525-536
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• 2014

In this study, a method to assess and monitor hydrological drought using remote sensing was investigated for use in regions with limited observation data, and was applied to the Upper Namhangang basin in South Korea, which was seriously affected by the 2008-2009 drought. Drought information may be obtained more easily from meteorological data based on water balance than hydrological data that are hard to estimate. Air temperature data at 2 m above ground level (AGL) were estimated using remotely sensed data, evapotranspiration was estimated from the air temperature, and the correlations between precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P-PET) and streamflow percentiles were examined. Land Surface Temperature data with $1{\times}1km$ spatial resolution as well as Atmospheric Profile data with $5{\times}5km$ spatial resolution from MODIS sensor on board Aqua satellite were used to estimate monthly maximum and minimum air temperature in South Korea. Evapotranspiration was estimated from the maximum and minimum air temperature using the Hargreaves method and the estimates were compared to existing data of the University of Montana based on Penman-Monteith method showing smaller coefficient of determination values but smaller error values. Precipitation was obtained from TRMM monthly rainfall data, and the correlations of 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month P-PET percentiles with streamflow percentiles were analyzed for the Upper Namhan-gang basin in South Korea. The 1-month P-PET percentile during JJA (r = 0.89, tau = 0.71) and SON (r = 0.63, tau = 0.47) in the Upper Namhan-gang basin are highly correlated with the streamflow percentile with 95% confidence level. Since the effect of precipitation in the basin is especially high, the correlation between evapotranspiration percentile and streamflow percentile is positive. These results indicate that remote sensing-based P-PET estimates can be used for the assessment and monitoring of hydrological drought. The high spatial resolution estimates can be used in the decision-making process to minimize the adverse impacts of hydrological drought and to establish differentiated measures coping with drought.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.117-125
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• 2013

A probabilistic exposure assessment was performed on the monitoring data of pesticides were assessed in agricultural products in Gyeonggi-do from 2006 to 2010. Chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, dicofol, endosulfan, EPN, ethoprophos, fenitrothion, methidathion, phenthoate and tebupirimfos were assessed. For this assessment, we used Monte Carlo simulation software and the distribution of concentration and intake were assumed to lognormal distribution by inputting mean and standard deviation. The hazard index (HI, %ADI) of average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile based on a probabilistic method were usually lower than those by a deterministic one. For the whole population, when non-detects data were assigned 0 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile showed 0.05~0.70% and 0.11~1.94%, respectively. When nondetects data were assigned 0.005 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile were 0.41~4.42% and 0.98~13.81%. For only consumers, when non-detects data were assigned 0 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile were 1.24~10.16% and 3.72~33.81%, respectively. When non-detects data were assigned 0.005 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile were 3.43~18.26% and 9.45~54.99%, respectively. Methidathion had highest values when both of 0 and 0.005 were assigned to non-detecs data for consumers only. This study showed that agricultural products in Gyeonggi-do were safe because they had less than 100 of HI (%ADI) based on probabilistic exposure assessment.

• The Mathematical Education
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.273-289
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• 2002

It tends to be emphasized that mathematics is the important discipline to develop students' mathematical reasoning abilities such as deduction, induction, analogy, and visual reasoning. This study is aimed for investigating the present state about mathematical reasoning in secondary school. We survey teachers' opinions and analyze the results. The results are analyzed by frequency analysis including percentile, t-test, and MANOVA. Results are the following: 1. Teachers recognized mathematics as knowledge constructed by deduction, induction, analogy and visual reasoning, and evaluated their reasoning abilities high. 2. Teachers indicated the importances of reasoning in curriculum, the necessities and the representations, but there are significant difference in practices comparing to the former importances. 3. To evaluate mathematical reasoning, teachers stated that they needed items and rubric for assessment of reasoning. And at present, they are lacked. 4. The hindrances in teaching mathematical reasoning are the lack of method for appliance to mathematics instruction, the unpreparedness of proposals for evaluation method, and the lack of whole teachers' recognition for the importance of mathematical reasoning

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 한국환경보건학회 2003년도 Challenges and Achievements in Environmental Health
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• pp.181-182
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• 2003

Our study from Feburary to March, 2003, were done in university office A and B, located in Seoul. This study was carried out to investigate the reduction of the airborne fungi before and after we activate the air cleaner which using ionization. And the method of assessment was done by the CAMNEA method. The result was as follows. 1. In the research office A, the concentration of the airborne fungi was 18(${\pm}$11.3) CFU/㎥ before the ionizing air cleaner system was turned on: whereas three days after this result the concentration decreased to less than 1 CFU/㎥. 2. In the laboratory office B, the concentration was 210.6(${\pm}$5.3) CFU/㎥ before using the air cleaner and was decreased to 32.2(t 10.3) CFU/㎥ after using the air cleaner. The remediation rate in the experiment was 85 percentile,

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.285-302
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• 1991

This purpose of this study was to analyze the perception of household work's value between husbands and wives. The data were collected using questionnaire and in-depth interview method for this purpose. 297 couples for questionnaire and 20 couples for interview were sampled. The data were analyzed by the statistical method such as frequency, percentile, paired t-test, t-test. The major findings were as follows; 1) The wives played primary role in doing household work. 2)the level of husbands's social value perception of household work was higher than wives's but the differences between them was not significant statistically. 3) The level of economical value perception of household work between husbands and wives was lower than the level of their social value perception.

• Atmosphere
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.205-219
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• 2015

In this study, the simulation results of temperature by regional climate model (Reg- CM4) over South Korea were corrected by Hempel et al. (2013)'s method (Hempel method), and evaluated with the observation data of 50 stations from Korea Meteorological Administration. Among the 30 years (1981~2010) of simulation data, 20 years (1981~2000) of simulation data were used as a training data, and the remnant 10 years (2001~2010) data were used for the evaluation of correction. In general, the Hempel method and parametric quantile mapping show a reasonable correction both in mean and extreme climate of temperature. As the results, the systematic underestimation of mean temperature was greatly reduced after bias correction by Hempel method. And the overestimation of extreme climate, such as the number of TN5% and freezing day, was significantly recovered. In addition to that, the Hempel method better preserved the temporal trend of simulated temperature than other bias correction methods, such as the quantile mapping. However, the overcorrection of the extreme climate related to the upper quantile, such as TX5% and hot days, resulted in the exaggeration of the simulation errors. In general, the Hempel method can reduce the systematic biases embedded in the simulation results preserving the temporal trend but it tends to overcorrect the non-linear biases, in particular, extreme climate related to the upper percentile.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was to provide the methods of developing the growth charts and the blood pressure nomogram among Korean children and adolescents. Methods : The growth charts were developed based on the data from the national growth surveys for children and adolescents in 1998 and 2005. The percentile charts were developed through two stages. At the first stage, the selected empirical charts were smoothed through several fitting procedures including parametric and non-parametric methods. At the second stage, a modified LMS (lambda, mu, sigma) statistical procedure was applied to the smoothed percentile charts. The LMS procedure allowed to estimate any percentile and to calculate standard deviation units and z-scores. The charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, BMI-for-age, weight-for-height and head circumference-for-age were developed by sex. Age and normalized height controlled sex-specific nomograms of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were developed by a fixed effect model of general regression using the data from 2005 national growth survey. Results : The significant systemic differences between the percentiles of growth charts and the empirical data were not found. The final output of the study is available from Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention homepage, http://www.cdc.go.kr/webcdc/. Blood Pressure nomogram was tabulated by height percentiles and age using the regression coefficients analyzed with regression model. Conclusion : 2007 growth charts and blood pressure nomogram were the first products based on the statistical modeling using the national survey data. The further study on the methodology including data collection, data cleaning and statistical modeling for representative growth charts would be needed.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.60-72
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• 1994

Background: The number of outpatients visiting large university teaching hospitals has increased drastically with the introduction of a nationwide health care insurance in 1989 and the improvement of the socio-economic status of the population. This resulted in long waiting times for services, particularly prescribed drugs, which have been patients' chief complaints. Hospitals have tried to solve the problem with limited success because their approach lacked comprehensive research. The objective of this study is to investigate associations between waiting times and variables defining a total work system. Methods: Data for the outpatient pharmacy department in a tertiary care university teaching hospital located in Seoul was analyzed to achieve the study objective. Associations of pharmacy system variables -- work load, work force, pharmacist work schedule, machine problems, and inventory control -- with mean and 99th percentile of waiting times were examined by the hierarchical stepwise regression method. Day was a unit of the analyses. Results: The regression models explained 65.8% of variance in the mean waiting time and 61.34% in the 99th percentile of waiting times. The break-down of the printer for drug envelops, Automatic Tablet Counters (ATCs), and main computer system lasted longer than 30 minutes increased the mean for 7.7 minutes, 4.5 minutes, and 7.0 minutes, respectively, and the 99th percentile for 14.8 minutes, 9.0 minutes, and 15.7 minutes, respectively. Concerning the work force, study results showed that there were significant differences in the productivity of pharmacists with work experience more than three years, one to three years, and less than one year, and showed that peak time aid work by pharmacists at job assignments other than the outpatient pharmacy, part-time pharmacists, and the installation of ATCs were effective in reducing waiting times, Finally, study findings indicated that the operational policy of work assignment and rotation schedule, supply and inventory of drugs at work tables, and readiness for undisrupted work during the work hours could have a significant effect on waiting times. Conclusion: The study results indicated that efforts to reduce waiting times for prescribed drugs should be geared toward every components of the pharmacy work system ranging from work schedule of pharmacists and supply of dugs at work tables. These findings should provide hospital managers with right directions in battling the problem.