• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of mothers' parenting stress, parenting behaviors, and their children's social competence by their children's emotionality and their husband's support on parenting. The participants of this study were 72 three and four-year-old children and their mothers. The results of this study were as follows. The mothers with high-emotionality children reported higher parenting stress than ones with low-emotionality children. The mothers reported low-supporting by their husbands perceived higher parenting stress and used less warmth-encouragement than mothers reported high-supporting. The setting limit behaviors in parenting was significant different by their children's emotionality and their husbands' support on parenting. That is, only in the group of high-emotionality children, the mothers with high-supporting by their husbands used more setting limit behaviors than the ones with low-supporting. The children with mothers received low-supporting by their husbands were rated as less prosocial by their teachers than the children with mothers received high-supporting.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.297-315
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• 1992

Caring has been identified as the essence and unifying domin of nursing(Leininger). Many nurses believe that the art of nursing is comprised of actions that are predominantly caring in nature. Although caring has been the traditional ideology of nurses, it is only now beginning to emerge as the central construct for the development of nut sing research, theory and practice. The problem addressed by this study was to identify how hospitalized children and their nurses express the meaning of caring, how they think nurses should care for children and to describe their experiences of being cared for. The purpose was to provide theoretical understanding of caring as perceived in Korea to contribute to the development of Korean nursing knowledge. The subjects were 76 hospitalized children admitted to pediatric units in five teaching hospitals and 66 nurses who were caring for these children. In this descriptive study, data were collected from Nov 11, 1991 to Jan 30, 1992 by interviews and an open-ended questionnaire and analysed by van Kaam's method. Caring themes perceived by the children and their nurses were classified into eight categories, -helping, comfort, love, warmth(only by children), recovery from illness, health maintenance (only by nurses), presence, nurturance and responsibility. Ideal caring behaviors perceived by the children and their nurses were six categories, -to give help, provide comfort, give love, stay with, treat warmly and aid recovery. Subcategories of giving help were promptness and competence, detailed explanations and support and encouragement. Other subcategories of giving help reported only by nurses were individualizing care, recognizing needs and providing a familiar enviornment. Subcategories of maintaining comfort were making comfortable, alleviating pain ; one subcategory reported only by children was consolating. A subcategory of giving love was concern, two subcategories reported only by nurses were compassion and respect. Subcategories of staying with were playing with and touching : only nurses reported empathy, Subcategories of treating warmly were tenderness and kindness. In the experience of caring, there were 4 categories, -to give help, stay with, show concern and provide comfort. Both the hospitalized children and their nurses had experienced caring primarily from their mothers. Mothers' caring behaviors were direct, personal, basic, supportive nursing acts. On the other hand, nurses caring behaviors were task oriented skilled procedures and medically delegated acts. This study contributes understanding of the complexity of caring, more specifically the meaning and experience of caring and ideal caring behaviors. Research may be able to move into verification when instruments are developed to measure the complexity of caring beliefs, values and behaviors in Korea and other cultural settings.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.499-512
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• 2019

Korean adolescents have a lower subjective well-being compared to their counterparts in other Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries as well as experience more psychological difficulties than adults. Previous research shows that parenting behavior has a considerable influence on adolescent subjective well-being. Additionally, the personality dimension of self-directedness, the ability to regulate personal behavior to obtain onindividual goals, has a positive influence on subjective well-being. This study analyzed the structural relationship between parenting behavior, self-directedness, and the subjective well-being of Korean adolescents as well as investigated the mediating effect of self-directedness in the relationships between parenting behaviors and the subjective well-being of adolescents. Participants were 325 middle school students in Gwangju, Korea, who completed measures of self-directedness (from the Korean Junior Temperament and Character Inventory), subjective well-being (Well-Being Scale of Adolescents in Korea), and perceived parenting behaviors (My Memories of Upbringing - Short Korean version). Results showed that emotional warmth had a statistically significant direct impact on adolescents' subjective well-being. However, the findings also indicated a statistically significant indirect impact mediated by self-directedness. Rejection and overprotection had a statistically significant indirect effect on adolescents' subjective well-being that was mediated by self-directedness. The results provide information that can be used to develop programs to improve the subjective well-being of adolescents as well as confirm the importance of parenting behavior and self-directedness during adolescence.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.221-241
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• 2018

Previous works have observed that persons who have experienced social exclusion have lower perceptions of body temperature and environmental temperature, and seek physical warmth such as warm drinks and warm water shower. The present study aimed to expand the results of these previous works to the dimensions of color emotions or color symbols. Hence, four experiments were conducted in which pictures of people with warm or cold colors applied to them were shown to the subjects, who were asked to evaluate the people in the pictures to determine whether their preferences changed depending on their perception of social exclusion. The results showed that the subjects with perceived social exclusion had stronger preferences for people in warm colors over those in cold colors, but the subjects without perceived social exclusion had no differences in their preferences for the people in the two types of colors. This study is significant in that it expanded the compensation hypothesis, which states that people try to compensate their psychological loss by pursuing external goals from the physical dimension to the emotional and symbolic dimensions. Furthermore, this study has implications in that it proposes the need for warm emotions in places where people who have experienced social exclusion are treated, such as psychological counseling centers.