Human Ecology Research

The Korean Home Economics Association (대한가정학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

What Makes Korean Youth Happy: Self-Directedness Mediates the Relationship between Parenting and Subjective Well-Being

무엇이 한국 청소년들을 행복하게 하는가: 부모의 양육행동과 주관적 안녕감의 관계에서 자율성의 매개효과

  • Choi, Ara (Department of Family Environment & Welfare, Chonnam Nation University) ;
  • Lee, Sook (Department of Family Environment & Welfare, Chonnam Nation University)
  • 최아라 (전남대학교 생활환경복지학과) ;
  • 이숙 (전남대학교 생활환경복지학과)
  • Received : 2019.08.20
  • Accepted : 2019.10.20
  • Published : 2019.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Korean adolescents have a lower subjective well-being compared to their counterparts in other Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries as well as experience more psychological difficulties than adults. Previous research shows that parenting behavior has a considerable influence on adolescent subjective well-being. Additionally, the personality dimension of self-directedness, the ability to regulate personal behavior to obtain onindividual goals, has a positive influence on subjective well-being. This study analyzed the structural relationship between parenting behavior, self-directedness, and the subjective well-being of Korean adolescents as well as investigated the mediating effect of self-directedness in the relationships between parenting behaviors and the subjective well-being of adolescents. Participants were 325 middle school students in Gwangju, Korea, who completed measures of self-directedness (from the Korean Junior Temperament and Character Inventory), subjective well-being (Well-Being Scale of Adolescents in Korea), and perceived parenting behaviors (My Memories of Upbringing - Short Korean version). Results showed that emotional warmth had a statistically significant direct impact on adolescents' subjective well-being. However, the findings also indicated a statistically significant indirect impact mediated by self-directedness. Rejection and overprotection had a statistically significant indirect effect on adolescents' subjective well-being that was mediated by self-directedness. The results provide information that can be used to develop programs to improve the subjective well-being of adolescents as well as confirm the importance of parenting behavior and self-directedness during adolescence.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn, H. S. (2012). The influence of parental rearing attitude perception and psychological well-being on school violence copying styles of adolescents (Unpublished master's thesis). Dankook University, Yongin, Korea.
  2. Arrindell, W. A., & Engebretsen, A. A. (2000). Convergent validity of the Short-EMBU and the Parental Bonding Instrument(PBI): Dutch findings. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7(4), 262-266. https//doi.org/10.1002/1099-0879(200010)7:4<262::AIDCPP257>3.0.CO;2-9.
  3. Asscher, J. J., Hermanns, J. M. A., Devokic, M., & Reitz, E. (2007). Predicting effectiveness of the Home-Start parenting support program. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(2), 247-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.07.002
  4. Blos, P. (1983). Adolescence. Stuttgart: Klett-Catta.
  5. Boden, M. A. (2008). Autonomy: What is it? Biosystems, 91 , 305-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2007.07.003
  6. Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2004). Perceived parental rearing style, self-esteem and self-criticism as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOHS.0000021704.35267.05
  7. Cho, Y. H. (2016). The effects of perceived mothers' monitoring and psychological control on adolescents' subjective well-being: the roles of autonomy, competence and relatedness as mediators(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
  8. Choi, A. R., Lee, S., & Yun, K. H. (2017). The effect of temperament, parenting affective attitudes on the self-directedness of adolescents. Journal of Open Parent Education, 9(1), 117-134.
  9. Choi, Y. J., & Park, S. Y. (2010). The effect of social participation by internet on the autonomy of youths. Journal of Korean Institute of Youth Facility & Environment, 8 , 31-44.
  10. Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(6), 573-588. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014
  11. Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Wetzel, R. D. (1994). The Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI): A guide to its development and use. St. Louis, Missouri: Washington University.
  12. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). An overview of self-determination theory: An organismic-dialectical perspective. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan(Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3-33). Rochester, NY: The University of Rochester Press.
  13. Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
  14. Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
  15. Garcia, D. (2011). Two models of personality and well-being among adolescents. Personality & Individual Differences, 50(8), 1208-1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.009
  16. Garcia, D., & Moradi, S. (2012). Adolescents’ temperament and character: A longitudinal study on happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(5), 931-946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9300-8
  17. Garcia, D., Nima, A. A., & Archer, T. (2013). International note: Temperament and character’s relationship to subjective well-being in Salvadorian adolescents and young adults. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1115-1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.018
  18. Han, Y. S., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2012). Parenting and youth psychosocial well-being in South Korea using fixed-effects models. Journal of Family Studies, 34(5), 689-715. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12440091
  19. Havighurst, R. (1948). Developmental tasks and education. New York, NY: McKay.
  20. Hong, S. B., & Park, S. Y. (2017). Autonomy and relatedness satisfaction predicting psychological well-being of adolescents: Focusing on individualism-collectivism cultural values. Korean Journal of Child Study, 38(2), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2017.38.2.5
  21. Institute for Social Development Studies. (2017). Report of Korean childadolescent well-being index and its international comparison. Seoul: Yonsei University.
  22. Jang, E. H. (2008). The relationship among temperament, perceived parental rearing behaviors and internet addiction in undergraduates (Unpublished master's thesis). Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
  23. Jeon, S. H., Shin, M., & Yoo, M. S. (2011). Analysis of the structural relationships among parental monitoring, self-determination, and happiness. The Korean Journal of Play Therapy, 14(2), 73-87.
  24. Jin, J. H., & Go, H. Y. (2013). The Korean suicide rate trend by population group comparing with the OECD countries and its policy implications. Health and Welfare Policy Forum, 195 , 141-154.
  25. Jung, K. H. (2015). The influence of ego resilience on subjective wellbeing in adolescence (Unpublished master's thesis). Kongju National University, Kongju, Korea.
  26. Kazarian, S. S., Moghnie, L., & Martin, R. A. (2010). Perceived parental warmth and rejection in childhood as predictors of humor styles and subjective happiness. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 6(3), 71-93. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v6i3.209
  27. Keyes, C. L. M. (2005). The subjective well-being of America’s youth: Toward a comprehensive assessment. Adolescent and Family Health, 4(1), 1-32.
  28. Kim, B. G., & Min, B. B. (2006). The relationship among perceived parenting behaviors, temperament, character, and depression in adolescence. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25(1), 221-236.
  29. Kim, G. W. (2013). The effects of middle school student's perceived parental support and overprotection on their autonomy and social competence (Unpublished master's thesis). Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.
  30. Kim, H. S. (2014). The effects of parenting attitude on the psychology well-being of adolescents: Based on the mediate effects of selfesteem and individuality-relatedness(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kangnam University, Youngin, Korea.
  31. Kim, M. S., & Oh, H. S. (2015). The relation among mother’s temperament, depression, parenting attitude and child’s character. The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 20(4), 513-530. https://doi.org/10.18205/kpa.2015.20.4.004
  32. Kim, S. H. (2011). The effects of parenting attitude and self-efficacy perceived by youth affects psychological well-being (Unpublished master's thesis). Kyungsung University of education, Busan, Korea.
  33. Kim, S. H. (2016). The relationship between self-complexity and school adjustment among high school students: The mediating effects of positive automatic thought and positive psychological capital (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Sangji University, Wonju, Korea.
  34. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling(2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
  35. Korea Youth Counseling Institute. (2002). The strategies for establishment of connected cooperation between local communities for social adjustment of adolescents drop-outs. Seoul: Korea Youth Counseling Institute.
  36. Kwak, Y. Y., & Chung, M. J. (2010). The effects of child-rearing practices and college students’ financial independence on their psychological well-being and self-efficacy. Studies on Korean Youth, 21(3), 121-141.
  37. Lee, H. L. (2013). The moderating effects of social support on the relationship between temperament, character and well-being in adolescents (Unpublished master's thesis). Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
  38. Lee, S. (1988). Korean parent's child rearing attitudes perceived by their children and the influence of demographic variables (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
  39. Lee, Y. G. (2013). The big five personality traits and subjective well-being of delinquent and nondelinquent adolescents (Unpublished master's thesis). Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
  40. Li, X. X., & Ahn, D. H. (2016). The relationships among perceived parents’ and teachers’ autonomy supports, adolescents’ basic psychological needs, and well-being: Comparison between Korean and Chinese adolescents. Korean Journal of Comparative Education, 26(6), 27-53. https://doi.org./10.20306/kces.2016.26.6.27
  41. Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131. https://doi.org./10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
  42. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. Mussen(Ed.), Handbook of child psychology(vol. 14). New York: Wiley.
  43. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2003). Models of agency: Sociocultural diversity in the construction of action. In V. M. Berman & J. J. Berman (Eds.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Cross-cultural difference in perspective on the self , Vol. 49(pp. 1-58). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  44. Min, B. B., Oh, H. S., & Lee, J. Y. (2007). Temperament and character inventory: family manual. Seoul: Maumsarang.
  45. Moon, M. J. (2008). Influence of children's perception of parents' child rearing attitude on self-taking ability and psychological well-being (Unpublished master's thesis). Hanyang University, Daegu, Korea.
  46. Oh, H. S., & Min, B. B. (2004). Temperament and character inventory. Seoul: Maumsarang.
  47. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2015). Programme for International Student Assessment 2015 results(Vol III): Students' well-being. Paris: OECD Publishing. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/pisa-2015-results-volume-iii-9789264273856-en.htm
  48. Park, M. A., Kim, S. K., & Cheon, S. M. (2013). A meta-analysis on the factors of adolescent’s psychological well-being. The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Psychology, 20(3), 627-652.
  49. Park, S. Y. (2011, November). Meaning and change of parent-child relationship in Korean society. Paper/Poster presented at the Korean Association of Child Studies 2011 Autumn Conference. Seoul, Korea.
  50. Plunkett, S. W., Henry, C. S., Robinson, L. C., Behnke, A., & Falcon, P. C. (2007). Adolescent perceptions of parental behaviors, adolescent selfesteem, and adolescent depressed mood. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(6), 760-772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9123-0
  51. Rohner, R., & Pettengill, S. M. (1985). Perceived parental acceptance acceptance-rejection and parental control among Korean adolescents. Child Development, 56(2), 524-528. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129739
  52. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Class definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
  53. Savi Cakar, F., & Tagay, O. (2017). The mediating role of self-esteem: The effects of social support and subjective well-being on adolescents' risky behaviors. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 17(3), 859-876. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2017.3.0024
  54. Schaefer, E. S. (1965). Children’s report of parental behavior: An inventory. Child Development, 36(2), 413-424. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126465
  55. Seligman, M. E. P. (2014). Martin Seligman's positive psychology. Seoul: Mulpure.
  56. Sim, E. Y. (2018). The moderating effects of positive psychological capital on the association between daily stress and school life adjustment of middle school students (Unpublished master's thesis). Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea.
  57. Sohn, S. H., Noh, K. S., Huh, M. Y., Jung, H. O., Lee, M. S., & Kim, S. J. (2001). A study of adolescent problem behaviors and parenting behaviors. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 40(4), 605-615.
  58. Song, M. R., & Han, G. B. (2015). Effects of parenting attitudes perceived by science high schoolers on subjective well-being: Mediating roles of academic self-efficacy and peer relationships. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 22(4), 93-111.
  59. Statistical Research Institute. (2015). Korean social trends 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2019, from http://sri.kostat.go.kr
  60. Steinberg, L. (1990). Interdependence in the family: Autonomy, conflict, and harmony in the parent-adolescent relationship. In S. S. Feldman & G. R. Elliot(Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent(pp. 255-276). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  61. Yang, A., Wang, D., Li, T., & Teng, F. (2008). The impact of adult attachment and parental rearing on subjective well-being in Chinese late adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(10), 1365-1378. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.10.1365
  62. Yoo, H. K. (2014). The path model analysis of variables influencing subjective well-being of youth(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea.
  63. You, Y. D., & Yi, E. J. (2010). Abstracts : The effects of perceived parenting attitudes on adolescents’ psychological well-being -focused on the mediating effect of self-differentiation. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 12(4), 91115.