• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to examine body satisfaction of children, self-rated health of children and parent-child attachment as perceived by children and their mothers in relation to children's health behavior and to identify factors affecting health behavior of children. Ultimately the purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop health promotion programs for children. Methods: Participants were 140 couples, 4th grade elementary school students and their mothers residing in Busan. Data collection was done during June 1 and July 31, 2010. The data were analyzed using paired t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression with PASW 18.0 program. Results: Children and mothers rated body satisfaction of the child differently. Children's responses for body satisfaction of child and parent-child attachment were associated with health behavior of children. Self-rated health perceived by children was also a factor affecting health behavior, as were body satisfaction perceived by children and mothers' perception of body satisfaction of child in that order. These variables explained 18.2% of the total variances in health behavior of children. Conclusion: The findings indicate that body satisfaction and self-rated health of children are important variables to target within intervention research and treatment programs for health promotion behavior of children at home and school.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1101-1108
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate whether whole body cryotherapy and spinal decompression have effectiveness on the pain, lumbar flexion range of motion, and global perceived effect scale in patients with lumbar disc herniation. Thirty subjects were participated in this study. And they were all randomly divided into whole body cryotherapy and spinal decompression group. To evaluate the effects of whole body cryotherapy and spinal decompression, subjects were evaluated by using visual analogue scale, lumbar flexion range of motion, and global perceived effect scale. The assessment parameters were evaluated before, after 2 weeks treatments. And we received a consent form whole body cryotherapy subjects. The results of paired t-test, independent t-test, and ANCOVA analysis of variance showed that pain, lumbar flexion range of motion, global perceived effect scale were significantly improved after than before therapy in whole body cryotherapy group. So we conclude that whole body cryotherapy has effectiveness on the pain, lumbar flexion range of motion, and global perceived effect scale in patients with lumbar disc herniation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.287-299
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• 2014

Purpose: The goal of this study was to examine body image satisfaction and perception according to weight status, and to investigate those associations with dietary habits and nutritional status among preadolescent children. Methods: Body image and dietary habits and intake were assessed in 134 elementary school students in grade 4. Children were categorized according to normal and overweight or obese groups. Figure rating scales were used to assess body image perception (identification of perceived current body size) and dissatisfaction (difference between perceived current body size and ideal body image). Results: There were sex differences in body image perceptions. Normal-weight girls, overweight or obese girls and boys were more likely to desire a leaner body size than their perceived body size compared with normal-weight boys. Body image satisfaction and perception showed an association with weight status. More overweight or obese children indicated dissatisfaction or underestimation of body image than normal-weight children. Children with body image dissatisfaction due to heavier perceived body size than ideal body image showed lower frequencies of consumption of meals and vegetables, compared to those who were satisfied with their body image. Children who underestimated their body image were more likely to have a lower frequency of breakfast and meal regularity and a higher frequency of eating out of home or food deliveries than those with accurate body image perception. In addition, body image underestimation showed an association with lower intakes of protein, dietary fiber and calcium, and the higher percentage of calories derived from fat. Conclusion: Body image dissatisfaction as well as underestimation in children before puberty showed an association with overweight or obesity, and was also related to unhealthy dietary habits. These findings highlight the importance of accurate perception and satisfaction with body image in preadolescent children in order to prevent development of obesity in adolescents and adults.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1277-1284
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• 2016

Background: Early detection is a critical part of reducing the burden of breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE) has been found to be an especially important early detection strategy in low and middle income countries such as Malaysia. Although reports indicate that Malaysian women report an increase in BSE activity in recent years, additional research is needed to explore factors that may help to increase this behavior among Southeastern Asian women. Objective: This study is the first of its kind to explore how the predicting variables of self-efficacy, perceived barriers, and body image factors correlate with self-reports of past BSE, and intention to conduct future breast self-exams among female students in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: Through the analysis of data collected from a prior study of female students from nine Malaysian universities (n=842), this study found that self-efficacy, perceived barriers and specific body image sub-constructs (MBSRQ-Appearance Scales) were correlated with, and at times predicted, both the likelihood of past BSE and the intention to conduct breast self-exams in the future. Results: Self-efficacy (SE) positively predicted the likelihood of past self-exam behavior, and intention to conduct future breast self-exams. Perceived barriers (BR) negatively predicted past behavior and future intention of breast self-exams. The body image sub-constructs of appearance evaluation (AE) and overweight preoccupation (OWP) predicted the likelihood of past behavior but did not predict intention for future behavior. Appearance orientation (AO) had a somewhat opposite effect: AO did not correlate with or predict past behavior but did correlate with intention to conduct breast self-exams in the future. The body image sub-constructs of body area satisfaction (BASS) and self-classified weight (SCW) showed no correlation with the subjects' past breast self-exam behavior nor with their intention to conduct breast self-exams in the future. Conclusions: Findings from this study indicate that both self-efficacy and perceived barriers to BSE are significant psychosocial factors that influence BSE behavior. These results suggest that health promotion interventions that help enhance self-efficacy and reduce perceived barriers have the potential to increase the intentions of Malaysian women to perform breast self-exams, which can promote early detection of breast cancers. Future research should evaluate targeted communication interventions for addressing self-efficacy and perceived barriers to breast self-exams with at-risk Malaysian women. and further explore the relationship between BSE and body image.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.162-177
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of obesity and dietary self-efficacy scale and to identify factors that affect obesity in upper-grade elementary school students. Methods: A total of 458 fifth to sixth grade elementary school students in Seoul and Chuncheon city, and rural areas of Gangwon Province, were included in this study. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA, and logistic regression. Results: The results revealed significant differences in the obesity region, perceived body image, experience of weight loss, family member of mother's age, mother's job and father's job between 'not obesity group' and 'obesity group'. The logistic regression analysis revealed that obesity was related with gender, region, and perceived body image. Conclusion: Gender, region, and perceived body image showed a relationship with obesity in upper-grade elementary school students. Thus, to develop obesity management program for upper grade elementary school students, we should be considered the gender, region, and perceived body image should be considered.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.55-65
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• 2008

This study examined the personal and relational factors influencing the formation of body image among older persons. Aging-rel￡lted physical changes, health, marital relationship, cognitive age, and moods were personal and relationship factors explained for influence on the body image of older persons. Data were collected via a mail survey of older married couples residing in three US. metropolitan areas of Florida. A total of 94 married couples who were 60 years older participated in this study. Results indicated that aging-related physical changes, effect of physical changes on the self, self-assessed health, and evaluation of spouse's attractiveness, and perceived attractiveness (one's perception of the other spouse's appraisals of his or her attractiveness) were found to be significantly related to the body image of older men and women. For men, self-assessed health, evaluation of spouse's attractiveness, and perceived attractiveness were significantly related to body image while physical changes, effect of physical changes, and perceived attractiveness were found significant for women. The feelings of older persons about and satisfaction with their bodies and appearance were estimated by aging-related and relationship-related variables.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2003

With rapid expansion in e-retailing of apparel business, the virtual fitting model is used for comparing fit of the selected garments. The researchers experimented women's perceived body size for developing virtual fitting model. 50 women who were 20's in age were participated in the experiment They were graduate students with clothing & textile major. The results of this study showed that the subjects perceived themselves with fuller figure at waist or hips and with shorter figure at waist height than their actual body site. Many subjects believed that their body sizes were close to the average site. Especially, subjects whose abdomen girth of hip girth was much larger than average thought that they have relatively flat abdomen. It was concluded that not only the user's body measurements but also user's perception on their figure type are needed to be considered in the process of developing virtual fitting model for e-retailing of apparel. It was expected that the virtual fitting model of extraordinary size body would not be accepted by the female consumers even though they are extra large or small size person in reality.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.18 no.1 s.39
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• pp.113-125
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of perception of body size on actual clothing style in middle school girls. To achieve this, this study analyzed self-perception of body size, aspired clothing style, and actual clothing style. By classifying groups into thin and thick, the difference in clothing style according to groups was also analyzed. Subjects of this study were middle school girls in Gwangju and 219 responses were collected from real body measurement and questionnaires. WIN SPSS+10.0 package was used to obtain results. Results are as follows: 1. For the self-perception of body size, middle school girls perceived much thicker in the lower body than the upper body. And they were unsatisfactory about the lower body which was perceived thick. 2. In the correlation of actual and aspired clothing style of middle school girls, they wore a aspired clothing style actually. Their actual or aspired upper clothing style was to cover the skin, exposing or covering a body silhouette. Their lower clothing style was a slacks type that covers a body silhouette and the skin. 3. In selecting actual clothing styles, middle school girls were somewhat affected by self-perceived body size. But they did not prefer the clothing styles perceived thick in girth or big in width in exposing the skin or a body silhouette. On the other hand, as it was perceived long, wearing was increased. frequently wore the upper and lower clothing styles of exposing the skin or a body silhouette than the thick group. But both groups wore the clothing styles of covering the skin or a body silhouette regardless of their thinness and thickness. And when wearing the clothing style of exposing neck and shoulder, middle school girls considered actual body size more than self-perceived size. On the other hand, when wearing the clothing style of exposing arms and silhouette by fitted legs, they considered self-perceived body size more.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.59-85
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the health promoting behavior of university students and its related factors. A self-administered questionnaire survey was carried out for 1,031(male, 477, female, 554) students from 7 universities in Taegu from March 10 to April 15 2000. Collected data were analyzed by the $X^2$-test, t-test, ANOV A and structural equation modeling analysis. The results of this study were as follows; Mean score of health promoting behavior of women was higher than mean score of men(p〈0.01). According to the subordinate fields, female students showed significantly higher scores in the fields of stress management, nutrition, personal relations and alcohol-cigarette(p〈0.05). And in male students, the only fields of exercise had meaningfully higher score(p〈0.01). The highest degree of performance was marked in alcohol-cigarette field in female, and interpersonal field in male. In Both male and female students, the lowest field was health responsibility. The mean score of health promoting behavior showed significant differences in intermediating factors such as age, health education and grade in male, and such as grade, pocket money for a month, taking health education, perceived body shape and gastrointestinal symptoms in female(p〈0.05). The mean score of health promoting behavior showed significant differences in cognitive-perceptual factors and cues to action such as perceived health status, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and health concern of parents in both male and female(p〈0.05). By the results of structural equation modeling analysis in male students, the economic status, gastrointestinal symptoms and perceived body shape as lean had significant direct effects on cognitive-perceptual factors($\mid$T$\mid$〉2.0). Grade and health concern of parents had significant direct effects on health promotion behaviors($\mid$T$\mid$〉2.0). In female students, perceived body shape as lean and perceived body shape as fat had significant direct effects on cognitive-perceptual factors($\mid$T$\mid$〉2.0). Grade, pocket money and health concern of parents had significant direct effects on health promotion behaviors($\mid$T$\mid$〉2.0). On the consideration of above findings, it is recommended that perceived health status and perceived benefits should be raised and perceived barriers should be lowered to increase health promoting behaviors, by means such as institutional approach which can enhance the primary prevention for a disease. In addition, the health policy for improving parents' concern about health as well as university students, through various ways such as health education, consulting, and health program, should be employed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Whole body fatigue detection is an important phenomenon and the factors contributing to whole body fatigue can be controlled if a mathematical model is available for its assessment. This research study aims at developing a model that categorizes whole body exertion into fatigued and non-fatigued states based on physiological and perceived variables. For this purpose, logistic regression was used to categorize the fatigued and non-fatigued subject as dichotomous variable. Normalized mean power frequency of eight muscles from 25 subjects was taken as physiological variable along with the heart rate while Borg scale ratings were taken as perceived variables. The logit function was used to develop the logistic regression model. The coefficients of all the variables were found and significance level was checked. The detection accuracy of the model for fatigued and non-fatigues subjects was 83% and 95% respectively. It was observed that the mean power frequency of anterior deltoid and the Borg scale ratings of upper and lower extremities were significant in predicting the whole body fatigued when evaluated dichotomously (p < 0.05). The findings can help in better understanding of the importance of combined physiological and perceived exertion in designing the rest breaks for workers involved in squat lifting tasks in industrial as well as health sectors.