• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2011

Objective: Diurnal preference is an attribute reflecting whether people are alert and preferring to be active either early or late in the day. It also referred to as chronotype or morningness-eveningness trait. The PER3 genes have been known to influence diurnal preference. In this study, we have investigated the associations between the PER3 gene polymorphisms and diurnal preference in a healthy young population, controlling for the social and environmental confounding factors. Methods: The participants in this experiment included 299 unrelated medical college students (M=191, F=108), with a mean age of 22.9 years. Diurnal preference was measured by a single administration of the 13-item Composite Scale for Morningness (CSM). Genotyping of the PER3 VNTR (rs57875989) was performed using polymerase chain reaction. A two-tailed alpha of 0.05 was chosen. Results: The mean${\pm}$SD score on the CSM scale for all subjects was 31.90${\pm}$6.39. There was no significant difference in total CSM score between gender groups, although females showed a trend towards higher morningness score. Although PER3 5R/5R showed the tendency towards high CSM scores, there were no significant differences on CSM scores among genotypes and allele status of PER3 VNTR (rs57875989). Conclusions: We could not confirm that the PER3 VNTR is associated with diurnal preference in a Korean healthy young population. The future studies need to investigate the association between diurnal preference and other polymorphisms of PER3 gene in larger sample of Korean young healthy population.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1345-1351
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• 2013

Leaf characteristics of two representative deciduous-tree species in Korean peninsula were compared to assess directional ridge effect on leaf traits of both species. Leaf mass per unit area (LMA) of Rhododendron schilippenbachii in south-facing ridge slope was significantly higher than that in north-facing ridge slope, while Quercus mongolica did not change LMA. Leaf mass of Q. mongolica was increased depending on leaf size irrespective of slope. However, leaf mass of R. schilippenbachii changed differently in responding to expansion of leaf area between both slopes resulting from retardation of leaf expansion in south-facing slope. R. schilippenbachii showed higher leaf nitrogen concentration per unit area (LNCA) in south-facing slope than that in north-facing slope, while Q. mongolica indicated no difference in LNCA between southand north-facing slopes. However, both species revealed no significant difference in leaf nitrogen concentration per unit mass (LNCM) between south- and north-facing slopes. LNCA of Q. mongolica was about two times higher than that of R. schilippenbachii. These results indicate that there is a difference in leaf characteristics including leaf thickness and nitrogen allocation between Q. mongolica and R. schilippenbachii, suggesting the difference of plasticity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.374-381
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• 2000

This study was conducted to select sesame varieties with high cultural stabilities by comparing several parameters of agronomic traits under the different cultural environments. Of the six areas, Iksan and Jinju areas which showed positively larger environment index values were relatively adequate cultural conditions for sesame. At the comparison of cultural stability of agronomic traits by Eberhart and Russell regression model among sesame breeding lines, Suwon 169 showed more stable regression coefficient values to the number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule and seed weight per plant, and Iksan 12 showed more stable regression coefficient values to culm length and weight per plant. At the comparison of cultural stability of yield per 10a, Suwon 169 and Iksan 12 among sesame breeding lines showed more stable respectively, deviation values of 0.99, 0.98 respectively, and more less regression deviation values of 0.074, 0.167 respectively. Therefore those breeding lines are comparatively higher stabilities to yield determining agronomic traits under the different cultural environments, and it was concluded that those two breeding lines had the possibility to recommend promising breeding lines in the future.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.1047-1057
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• 2015

In [6], it is proved that the lengths of periods occurring in the ${\beta}$-expansion of a rational series r noted by $Per_{\beta}(r)$ depend only on the denominator of the reduced form of r for quadratic Pisot unit series. In this paper, we will show first that every rational r in the unit disk has strictly periodic ${\beta}$-expansion for Pisot or Salem unit basis under some condition. Second, for this basis, if $r=\frac{P}{Q}$ is written in reduced form with |P| < |Q|, we will generalize the curious property "$Per_{\beta}(\frac{P}{Q})=Per_{\beta}(\frac{1}{Q})$".

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.909-914
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• 2005

This study was conducted to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters of body condition score (BCS) and reproductive traits in Hanwoo cows. DFREML procedures were applied to obtain variance-covariance components and heritability estimates with single or two-trait models. Estimates of phenotypic correlations of BCS at service with BCS at calving was 0.16 and 0.26 with calving interval, 0.08 with gestation length, and 0.06 with number of services per conception, respectively. Estimates of phenotypic correlation of BCS at calving was 0.10 with calving interval, 0.13 with gestation length, and 0.10 with number of services per conception, respectively. Estimates of phenotypic correlation were low and negative, -0.11 between calving interval and gestation length and -0.13 between gestation length and number of services per conception. Estimates of direct genetic correlation were -0.06, between BCS at service and BCS at calving, 0.37 between BCS at service and BCS at weaning, and -0.18 between BCS at calving and BCS at weaning. Estimates of direct genetic correlation of days from calving to the 1st service were 0.17 with number of services per conception and -0.21 with BCS at service. Estimates of direct genetic correlation for BCS at calving were -0.02 with number of services per conception and -0.08 with BCS at service. Estimates of direct genetic correlation for BCS at weaning were 0.02 with number of services per conception and -0.07 with BCS at service. Estimates of direct heritability from single trait analyses were 0.13 for BCS at service, 0.20 for BCS at calving, 0.02 for BCS at weaning, and 0.20 for number of service per conception, respectively. Estimates of direct heritability were 0.20 for birth weight and 0.10 for weaning weight.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.98-123
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• 2002

This study develops a Korean R&D Scoreboard which has originated from the R&D Scoreboard in United Kingdom. The Scoreboard contains details of the R&D investment, sales, growth, profits and employee numbers for Korean companies which are extracted from company annual reports and key ratios calculated, with some movements over time. Companies are classified by the Korea Standard Industrial Classification. The Scoreboard contains 190 companies which consist of 100 largest companies and 30 middle-or small-sized firms listed in Korea Stock Exchange (KSE), and 30 ventures and 30 other firms listed in KOSDAQ. The overall company R&D intensity (R&D as a percentage of sales) is 2.1% compared to the international average of 4.2%. Korea has an unusually large R&D percentage of sales in IT hardware (4.9%) and telecommunication (3.7%). R&D intensity is positively correlated with company performance measures such as profitability, sales growth, productivity and market value. For largest companies listed in KSE and ventures listed in KOSDAQ, the ratio of operating profit to sales is greater for high R&D intensity companies. Sales growth is in proportion to R&D intensity for all companies. Plots of value added per employee or sales per employee vs R&D per employee rise together for the sectors studied, especially for the chemical sectors and automobile sectors, demonstrating a correlation with productivity. The average market value of high R&D companies in the KSE has risen more than 1.6 times that of the KOSPI 200 index. Given the correlation between R&D intensity and company performance and given that R&D is a smaller percentage of surplus (profits plus R&D) than international level (both overall and in several sectors), the challenges facing Korean companies are to maintain the leading position in IT hardware and telecommunication, and to increase the intensity of R&D in many medium-intensive R&D sectors where Korea has an average intensity well below international or US levels.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2015

Based on the work of Anand et al. (2013) we measure inclusive income growth, which combines growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and growth in the equity of the income distribution. Extending the work of Causa et al. (2014), we estimate a dynamic simultaneous structural equations model of GDP per capita and inclusive income on panel data for 63 countries over the 1990-2013 period. We estimate both equations in error correction form by difference GMM (generalized method of moments). Among the explanatory variables of the level and the distribution of GDP per capita we include R&D (research and development) expenditure per capita. In OECD countries we obtain a large positive effect of R&D on GDP. R&D is found to have a positive effect on the social mobility index but its impact on the income equity index at first decreases, then switches around to become slightly positive in the long run. In non- OECD countries, R&D is found to decrease inclusive income, mostly through a negative growth effect but also because of a slightly increasing income inequity effect.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.847-859
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• 2019

Purpose: The companies must be located in the area, scale up, create jobs, and return to the local economy. This paper attempted to analyze empirically the relationship between regional context and entrepreneurial orientation(EO) in the region of Korea. Methods: This paper analyzed survey data and regional statistics. We measured EO by region and then examined which regional context affect EO. Regional contexts were measured by population, economic size, budget size, firm size, innovation capacity, and education level. EO was measured by innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness, autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, and need for achievement. Results: EO was high in the region where the budget size per thousand population, the number of manufacturers per thousand population, the number of new corporations per thousand population, the number of R&D personnel per thousand population, and the number of students of higher education institutions per thousand population were high. Conclusion: The implications of this paper are that regional context affect EO, and there are differences in budget scale, firm size, innovation capacity, and education level. In regions with many investment resources for innovation and startups and manufacturers, the number of R&D personnel and students of higher education institutions (future R&D personnel), in particular, determines EO.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.9
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• pp.43-47
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• 1969

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of gamma ray on the eggs of later stage in late fall rearing season. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The duration of larval stage was simmilar to that of control in any dose. The silkworm growth was uniform in does of 4,000 gamma ray, but in does of 8,000r 16000r was irregular. There were not malformed silkworms but many small silkworm. 2. Mortality of silkworms was very high 8,000r and over; virus diseases of 87.6 per cent, flacherie of 5.9 per cent and complication of 6.5 per cent. 3. The more the dose of gamma ray became, the lighter the weight full grown silkworm and matured silkworm became. 4. The uniformness of cocoons was registered in dose of 2,000r and the cocoons were irregular or small in dose of 16,000r

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.94-110
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• 2017

This paper approaches knowledge capital as social infrastructure and analyzes its impact on economic growth. To this end, we constructed a panel dataset for 120 countries for the years 2000-2014 and estimated the economic growth function using the panel analysis. As proxies for knowledge capital, we used the R&D expenditure per capita and the number of patent applications per thousand people in each country, both measured in stock. Economic growth was measured in terms of real GDP per capita and real value added per capita at the industry level. The empirical findings demonstrate that knowledge capital accumulated in a society significantly promotes economic growth. Especially R&D stock increases real value added per capita in all industries-not only manufacturing, but also services and agriculture-implying substantial inter-industry spillover effects. The findings of this study suggest that knowledge capital boosts economic growth as core social infrastructure.