• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.175-179
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• 1998

Some functional properties and nutritive value were determined for the protein concentrated fractionated from chrysanthemum flower in orer to renew interest in the flowers as food. Proximate components of chrysanthemum flower protein concentration (FPC) showed 61.2% protein, 2.0% fat and 35.2% carbhydrate on a dry basis. In amino acid composition of FPC, glutamic acid was the highest in the content, follwoed by aspartic acid, leucine and lysine. The ratio of essential/ total amino acids(E/T) was 0.42, showing a higher level of essential amino acids compared to the FAO reference protein. Digestibility of chrysanthemum FPC by pepsin and trypsin was lwoer than that of casein and was negatively correlative to both water and fat absorptions. Similar characteristics were determined between chrysanthemum FPC and milk casein in their emulsifying activity and emulsion stability. This results indicate that flowers or petals of chrysanthemum might be developed as a good source of protein.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2004

Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the laboratory system for successful PGD using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the clinical outcome of PGD cycles in five years experiences. Methods: A total of 181 PGD-FISH cycles of 106 couples were performed, and diagnosed chromosome normality in the preimplantation embryos. The laboratory and clinical data were classified by the following optimization steps, and statistically analyzed. Phase I: Blastomere biopsy with two kinds of pipettes, removal of cytoplasmic proteins without treatment of pepsin and culture of biopsied embryos with single medium; Phase II: Blatomere biopsy with single pipette, removal of cytoplasmic proteins with pepsin and culture of biopsied embryos with single medium; Phase III: Blastomere biopsy with single pipette, removal of cytoplasmic proteins with pepsin and culture of biopsied embryos with sequential media. Results: A total of 3, 209 oocytes were collected, and 83.8% (2, 212/2, 640) of fertilization rate was obtained by ICSI procedure. The successful blastomere biopsies were accomplished in 98.6% (2, 043/2, 071) of embryos, and the successful diagnosis rate of FISH was 94.7% (1, 935/ 2, 043) of blastomeres from overall data. Embryo transfers with normal embryos were conducted in 93.9% (170/181) of started cycles. There was no difference in the successful rate of biopsy and diagnosis among Phase I, II and III. However, the pregnancy rate per embryo transfer of Phase III (38.8%, 26/67) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of Phase I (13.9%, 5/36) and Phase II (14.9%, 10/67). Conclusions: The laboratory optimization and experience for the PGD with FISH procedure can increase the pregnancy rate to 38.8% in the human IVF-ET program. Our facility of PGD with FISH provides the great possibility to get a normal pregnancy for the concerned couples by chromosomal aberrations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.659-667
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• 2004

Plantain has been used for antidiarrhea, antihemorrhage and the remedy of indigestion. Plantain was extracted with ethanol and fractionated systemically with n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate (EtOAC) and n-butanol. Antioxidant index (AI was expressed as induction period of oil containing various fractions/induction period of oil of 600 ppm) of EtOAC fraction was the highest among fractions in vitro. The protective effects of the EtOAC fraction of plantain (PE) administered 1 mL orally or intraduodenally on experimentally induced gastritis, gastric ulcer and gastric secretion were evaluated in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250∼300 g were divided into 4 groups; negative control group (CON), PE 200 mg/kg treated group (PEL), PE 400 mg/kg treated group (PEH) and positive control group (cimetidine 100 mg/kg-CMT or omeprazol 100 mg/kg treated group-OMT), respectively, PE significantly suppressed HCl-ethanol induced gastric lesions and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers (administered subcutaneouly) in rats. Specially PE 400 mg/kg showed significantly inhibitory effect, which was more potent than that of 100 mg/kg of commercial drug, cimetidine, and elevated an inhibitory effect to be close to the level in inhibitory ratio of omeprazol administered group in Shay's ucler. On gastric secretion in pylorus ligated rat, PE 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg decreased the gastric volume and acid output, but did not show an apparent effect on pepsin activity. In addition, PE 400 mg/kg depressed gastric ulcers induced by water immersion stress and duodenal ulcers induced by cysteamine administered subcutaneouly. These results suggest that the ethylacetate fraction of plantain can be used in prevention and treatment of experimentally induced gastric mucosal damage and ulcers.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.314-318
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• 2012

Most types of collagen used for biomedical applications, such as cell therapy and tissue engineering, are derived from animal tissues. Therefore, special precautions must be taken during the production of these proteins in order to assure against the possibility of the products transmitting infectious diseases to the recipients. The ability to remove and/or inactivate known and potential viral contaminants during the manufacturing process is an ever-increasingly important parameter in assessing the safety of biomedical products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacies of the 70% ethanol treatment and pepsin treatment at pH 2.0 for the inactivation of bovine viruses during the manufacture of collagen type I from bovine hides. A variety of experimental model viruses for bovine viruses including bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV-3), and bovine parvovirus (BPV), were chosen for the evaluation of viral inactivation efficacy. BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, and BPV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels within 1 h of 70% ethanol treatment for 24 h, with log reduction factors of ${\geq}5.58$, ${\geq}5.32$, ${\geq}5.11$, and ${\geq}3.42$, respectively. BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, and BPV were also effectively inactivated to undetectable levels within 5 days of pepsin treatment for 14 days, with the log reduction factors of ${\geq}7.08$, ${\geq}6.60$, ${\geq}5.60$, and ${\geq}3.59$, respectively. The cumulative virus reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, and BPV were ${\geq}12.66$, ${\geq}11.92$, ${\geq}10.71$, and ${\geq}7.01$. These results indicate that the production process for collagen type I from bovine hides has a sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of virus safety.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.238-244
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• 2009

Food allergy is a serious nutritional problem in both children and adults. Therefore, food allergenicity reduction methods are greatly needed. The allergenicity is altered by various manufacturing processes, and the digestibility of food proteins can be affected by food processing. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of in-vitro digestibility on the allergenicity of autoclaved market pork sausages using pepsin (30min) and trypsin (5, 30, 60, 90, and 120min). The binding ability of the porcine serum albumin (PSA) from sausages A and B significantly decreased by about 30 and 23%, respectively, after autoclave treatment (121; 5, 10, and 30 min). After the pepsin and trypsin treatments, the binding ability of products A and B at 30 min decreased. These competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ci-ELISA) results corresponded well with the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting results. The results demonstrated that the allergenicity of pork sausages considerably decreased after autoclave treatment, and were also maintained or decreased after enzyme treatment. Accordingly, autoclave treatment represents a promising processing technology for the reduction of the allergenicity of diverse food products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.532-538
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• 1994

In order to investigate the lowering effects of in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis by the treatment of chymotrypsin, trypsin, pancreatin, or protease from Aspergillus oryzae on the antigenicity of whey protein(WPI) against rabbit anti ${\beta}-LG$ antiserum, competitive inhibition ELISA(cELISA) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis(PCA) test using guinea pig were performed. The results of cELISA showed that the monovalent antigenicity of the whey protein hydrolysates(WPH) to the antiserum was decreased to $10^{-1.7}{\sim}10^{-4.1}$ and less by the hydrolysis. Especially, the antigenicity of OUP(hydrolysate by protease from Asp. oryzae with preteatment of pepsin) was found almost to be removed. By the heterologous PCA the polyvalent antigenicity of the WPH was decreased to $1/2{\sim}1/128$ and less. Especially, the polyvalent antigenicity of OUN(hydrolysate by protease from Asp. oryzae without preteatments) was found almost to be removed, although OUN did not have so high degree of hydrolysis(DH) or so low monovalent antigenicity (reduced to $10^{-3.2}$). Therefore, this result was assumed to come from effective destruction of antigenic determinants on ${\beta}-LG$ in WPI, not to produce polyvalent antigenic peptides that are closely associated with induction of allergy. This finding suggested that WPH prepared by the treatment of microorganic protease from Asp. oryzae would be a material for hypoallergenic infant formula due to the removal of the polyvalent antigenicity of ${\beta}-LG$, the major milk allergen in WPI.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.436-441
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• 1994

To investigate the lowering effects of in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis by the treatment of chymotrypsin, trypsin, pancreatin, or protease from Aspergillus oryzae on the antigenicity of whey protein isolate (WPI) against rabbit anti ${\alpha}-LA$ antiserum, competitive inhibition ELISA (cELISA) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test using guinea pig were performed. The results of cELISA showed that the monovalent antigenicity of the whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) to the antiserum was decreased to $10^{-2.5}-10^{-5.5}$ and less by the hydrolysis. The monovalent antigenicity of the WPH hydrolyzed by trypsin, or protease from Asp. nryzae was much lowered by the pretreatment of heat denaturation. The antigenicity of the WPH hydrolyzed by chymotrypsin, trypsin, or pancreatin was much lowered by the pretreatment of pepsin. Especially, the antigenicity of TDP (trypic hydrolysate with pretreatment of heat and pepsin) was found almost to be removed. However, there was not consistency between degree of hydrolysis(DH) and the monovalent antigenicity of the WPH. By the heterologous PCA it was found that all of the PGPH lost the polyvalent antigenicity regardless of the pretreatments although WPI and ${\alpha}-LA$ had the positive high antigenicity. The results suggested that the peptides derived from ${\alpha}-LA$ in WPH could bind specific antibodies but they could not induce allergy. Therefore, it was elucidated that the allergenicity of ${\alpha}-LA$ in whey protein could be destroyed easily by the enzymatic hydrolysis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.947-954
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hydrolyzed Lactobacillus supplementation with digestive enzymes treatment on the macrophage activation, the induction of nitric oxide(NO), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-$\alpha$. The RAW 264.7 murine macrophage was exposed to porcine Lactobacillus strains which were digested with both pepsin and pancreatin. The production of NO, TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 in the macrophage were strain and dose-dependent, respectively. The induction of NO and cytokines were higher in both 3149 and 3146 strains compared with other Lactobacillus strains. Overall, the level of NO was observed at the lower range between 10 and 150 μg hydrolysates per ml, whereas IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ were observed at relatively higher concentration between 50 and 300 μg hydrolysates per ml. Lactobacillus strains which produced a high level of NO also showed a high induction of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6. Therefore, the present results suggest that hydrolysates of Lactobacillus strains are related to induction of several macrophage mediators, and then it could be beneficially used to modulate gastrointestinal immune function of the host. Also, the methodogly employed in this study might be useful to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria on gastrointestinal immunity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.574-581
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• 2008

Two experiments, involving a total of 100 crossbred pigs (Hampshire$\times$Landrace$\times$Duroc) aged 5 weeks, were used to evaluate the effect of Roselle (Hibicus sabdariffa Linn.) calyx as an antioxidant and acidifier on growth performance. Experiment 1: growth performance response of pigs fed basal corn-soy diet was compared with that of pigs consuming diets that contained 4, 8 and 12% Roselle in powder form, 4 g/kg acidifier (Fra$^{(R)}$Acid Dry) or 100 mg/kg antibiotic (Aurofac$^{(R)}$). All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Twenty-four castrated male and twelve female pigs were randomly allocated into 6 treatments which comprised 3 replicates (2 male and 1 female) of 2 pigs each. The results demonstrated no beneficial weight gain and feed intake response among treatments at 7, 9 and 11 weeks of age (p>0.05). However, feed-to-gain ratios (FCR) of Roselle-fed groups were significantly different from the basal-diet group at 7 weeks of age (p<0.05). Pigs fed with 8% Roselle had the lowest FCR. Therefore, 8% was set as an appropriate level of Roselle in feed. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine antioxidant and acidifier properties. Pigs were fed similar diets to Experiment 1 except that Roselle was fed to only one treatment at the level of 8%. Sixty-four piglets, 32 castrated male and female each were randomly allocated into 4 treatments which comprised 4 replicates (2 male and 2 female) of 4 pigs each. Body weight was measured. At 7 and 9 weeks of age, four pigs from each treatment were randomly selected. The pH in their gastrointestinal tract, pepsin activity in stomach mucosa, trypsin activity in the pancreas and protein and fat digestibility in the ileum were measured to investigate acidifier properties. For antioxidant properties, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione concentration in plasma and liver were used as parameters. The results showed no significant difference in weight gain, pH or pepsin activity among all treatments at both ages (p>0.05). Nevertheless, trypsin activity and fat digestibility of the Roselle-fed group were higher than the basal-diet group at 7 weeks of age (p<0.05). Glutathione in plasma was significantly different between antibiotic-fed and basal-diet groups (p<0.05). Significant differences were found only in some parameters and between the basal-diet group and the other groups. Therefore, it cannot be precisely concluded that Roselle in powder form has clear acidifier and antioxidant properties in postweaning pigs. Further studies should be undertaken to clearly confirm both properties.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.151-158
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• 2007

Among 68 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Dongchimi, a strain K11 was selected due to its bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli O157 The strain K11 was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, based on physiological and biochemical characteristics. In the late exponential phase, La. plantarum K11 showed maximum bacteriocin activity (12,800 BU/mL) and maintained until the early stationary phase. The bacteriocin activity was completely inactivated by all the proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin, protease, proteinase K, papain, chymotrypsin, and trypsin, but the activity was not affected by catalase, a-amylase, lysozyme, and lipase, suggesting proteinaceous nature of the bacteriocin. Additionally, this activity was not affected in the pH range from 3.0 to 9.0 and under storage conditions like 30 days at -20,4, or $25^{\circ}C$. Although the bacteriocin activity was absolutely lost after 15 min treatment at 121, it was relatively stable at $70^{\circ}C$ for 60 min or $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. The activity was disappeared by treatment with acetone, benzene, ethanol, or methanol, but it was not affected by treatment with chloroform or hexane. The antibacterial activity of the bacteriocin was good against some LAB including Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp., but not against food-borne pathogens such as Bacillus spp., Listeria spp., and Staphylococcus spp. as well as yeasts and molds. Especially, some intestinal bacteria such as Enterobacter aerogenes and E. coli were significantly affected by the bacteriocin of La, plantarum K11. Furthermore, the addition of 640 BU/mL resulted in the complete clearance of E. coli O157 after 10 hr.