• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.412-418
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• 1997

General pharmacological properties of AG 60 (mixture of acriflavine and guanosine (1:1, w/w)), which has anticancer effect, following intramuscular administration were examined in terms of effects on central nervous system, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system and autonomic nervous system in mice, rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits. AG 60 at the dose of 15 mgtg had no influences on pentobarbital sleeping time, spontaneous motor activity, chemoshock produced by pentylenetetrazole solution, writhing syndromes induced by 0.8% acetic acid solution, and motor coordination of mice. However, AG 60 at the dose of 7.5 and 15 mg/kg caused significant decrease of normal body temperature 1 and/or 2 h after the administration. No influence on body temperature was observed at 3.75 mg/kg in mice. Gastric secretion of rat and intestinal motility of mice were not influenced by the dose of 15 mg/kg. In terms of autonomic nervous system, AG 60 did not show direct effect and inhibitory or augmentative action of histamine- or acetylcholine-induced contractions at the concentration of 5 mg/L in the isolated ileum of guinea-pig. The administration of 15 mg/kg of AG 60 did not affect mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in rat. AG 60 (15 mg/kg) given to anesthetized rabbits showed no effect on respiratory rate.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.432-438
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• 2018

Worldwide, caffeine is among the most commonly used stimulatory substances. Unfortunately, significant caffeine consumption is associated with several adverse effects, ranging from sleep disturbances (including insomnia) to cardiovascular problems. This study investigates whether treatment with the Evodia rutaecarpa aqueous extract (ERAE) from berries and its major molecular component, evodiamine, can reduce the adverse caffeine-induced sleep-related and excitation effects. We combined measurements from the pentobarbital-induced sleep test, the open field test, and the locomotor activity test in mice that had been dosed with caffeine. We found that ERAE and evodiamine administration reduced the degree of caffeine-induced sleep disruption during the sleep test. Additionally, we found that evodiamine significantly inhibits caffeine-induced excitation during the open field test, as well as decreasing hyperlocomotion in the locomotor activity test. Additional in vitro experiments showed that caffeine administration decreased the expression of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid $(GABA)_A$ receptor subunits in the mouse hypothalamus. However, evodiamine treatment significantly reversed this expression reduction. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ERAE and its major compound, evodiamine, provide an excellent candidate for the treatment or prevention of caffeine-induced sleep disturbances and excitatory states, and that the mechanism of these beneficial effects acts, at least in part, through the $GABA_A$-ergic system.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 1976

실혈견(失血犬)에 있어서 염산(鹽酸)케타민 전신마취(全身麻醉)가 심전도(心電圖), 뇌파(腦波) 및 혈압(血壓)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하였던 바 그 성적(成積)은 다음과 같았다. 심전도소견(心電圖所見)에 있어서는 동성빈맥(洞性頻脈)이 지속(持續)되었으나 심장조율(心臟調律)에는 특이(特異)한 변화(變化)가 나타나지 아니 하였다. 그러나 건강견(健康犬)에 있어서 염산(鹽酸)케타민 마취군(麻醉群)과 비교(比較)해서 파형(波形)의 변화(變化)와 S-T분절(分節)의 편위(偏位)가 경미(輕微)하게 있었으며 P-Q와 Q-T 간격(間隔)은 상대적(相對的)으로 다소(多少) 연장(延長) 되었다. 뇌파(腦波)는 건강견(健康犬)에 있어서의 염산(鹽酸)케타민 마취군(麻醉群)과 유사(類似)한 양상(樣相)을 보였으나, 그 진폭(振幅)은 약간 감소(減少)되었다. 혈압(血壓)은 마취후(麻醉後) 약간 하락(下落)되었으나 곧 마취전(麻醉前)으로 회복(恢復)되었으며, 악화(惡化)되지는 아니하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.231-234
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• 1997

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the precise spreading pattern of contrast media in small increments in rabbits. Following pentobarbital anesthesia, the epidural puncture was done surgically with a blunt hook. Methods: The tip of epidural catheter was located at the mid-portion of T7 and T12, in the T7 group (n=7) and T12 group (n=8), respectively. Injection of the contrast media was started at 0.1 mL/kg and increased by 0.1 mL/kg up to a maximum of 0.6, mL/kg, under fluoroscopy. Results: In both groups, the extent of spread increased continuously as a Starling resistor with increasing injected volume(T7 group: $y=4.0+41.8x-28.1x^2$, T12 group: $y=0.2+57.7x-43.5x^2$) the total spread of contrast media was similar. The contrast media spread equally, both rostral and caudal, from catheter tip in T7 group; media spread approximately twice as far rostral as compared to caudal in T12 group (P<0.05). Conclusions: In rabbits, the position of epidural catheter tip should be positioned 2~3 segments below the aimed segment in lower thoracic or lumbar region, whereas in mid-thoracic region it should be positioned close to the level of aimed segment. Rabbits have relatively small epidural space therefore, the volume of injectant should be carefully determined with the suggested equations of this study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 1974

This study was carried out to investigate on the morphology, distribution and stainability of the mast cells in the Korean Native goat. For the study, the experimental animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and opened the anterior abdomianl wall to remove immediately the specimens with a minimum of mechanical effects. The mesenteries were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, 4% basic lead acetate, absolute alcohol and ethlene glycol monoethyl ether. Following 24 hours of fixation, the toto preparation stained with 0.4% toluidine blue, 1% methylene blue, 1.5% bismark brown, saturated thionine and thionlne-methylene blue complex solution. The preparation were observed from 10 microscopic field with 450 magnification. The results were as follows: 1. The form of the mesenteric mast cell was found 2 types. One was spindle form in larger number around vessels, the other was ovoid or spherical form in connective tissue far from blood vessels. 2. The average size was $18.63{\pm}5.75{\mu}m$ in length, $10.61{\pm}3.39{\mu}m$ in width and number was $105.50{\pm}18.45$. 3. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether was particularly useful in preserving the mast cell granules. 4. Thione-methylene blue complex solution might be recommended to stain of granules.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.471-476
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• 2000

DA-8159, a new phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, was assessed for its erectogenic potential by a penile erection test in rats, the relaxation of isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum (CC), and estimation of the intracavernous pressure (ICP) in the anesthetized dog. Oral administration of DA-8159 (0.3 to 1 ${\mu}g/kg$ ) increased the number of erections in rats with increasing dosage, with the highest penile erection index at 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ DA-8159 induced the relaxation of phenylephrine (PHE)-induced contractions in the rabbit CC and decreased the $IC_{50}$ of the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in a dose-dependent fashion. In pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, the intravenous administration of DA-8159 (1~300 ${\mu}g/kg$ ) potentiated the increase in ICP induced by the intracavernosal SNP in a dose-related manner. These findings suggest that DA-8159 has significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2003

Water extract (kwath) of six different widely used Ayurvedic medicinal plants were tested in mice for possible neuropharmacological efficacy. In the present experiments it was observed that a number of plant tested causes a significant level of Central Nervous System (CNS) depression, in that it significantly decreased the spontaneous Motor activity, and also lowered the exploratory behavior of the treated animals. Terminalia chebula (HAA), Terminalia bellerica (BHA), Emblica officinalis (AA), Piper longum 1. (PP). exhibited depressant action of on the CNS. Apart from them a mild to moderate degree of depression was evident as a consequence of administration of Zingiber officinale Rosc (SUT), Piper nigrum L. (MRC). However, none of the plant tested did not exhibit significant effects on pentobarbital induced narcosis, and this indicated that the sedating effects of the drug was not associated with the risk of fatal consequences on overdose.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.508-516
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• 2007

Thymus magnus is an endemic (Ulleung Island) species in Korea. This plant is used as diaphoretics and carminatives in traditional medicine. In the literature, few scientific assays were realized on this species, such as antibiotic (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, and S. typhimurium) and antifungal activities. In order to clarify whether essential oil of T. magnus have pharmacological effects, anti-inflammatory, sedative, anti-depressant, analgesic, and sleep-prolonged effects were investigated using animal models. From this study, the following conclusions were attained; 1) Essential oil of T. magnus did not show any acute toxicity on mice when orally administered at the dose of 2-3 g/kg body weight. 2) Essential oil of T. magnus possessed strong anti-inflammatory activity, similar to that of a positive control prednisolone. 3) Essential oil of T. magnus had excellent analgesic activity, comparable to that of aspirin. 4) The essential oil of T. magnus possessed strong sleep-prolonged effect on pentobarbital induced-sleep test in mice model. 5) In the hot plate test, the essential oil of T. magnus had moderate effect. 6) And the essential oil of T. magnus had no significant effects in forced-swimming test and open-field test.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.156-161
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• 2006

The essential oil of Nardostachys jatamansi (Valerianaceae), which has been used for a long time in aroma therapy, was investigated after inhalation or oral administration for its analgesic effect, anticonvulsant action, hypnotic effect and in vitro inhibitory activity on monoamine oxidase. This fragrance oil showed a significant analgesic effect in the phenylquinone-induced .writhing test, suppressed the convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazole and lengthened the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in a time-dependent manner after fragrance inhalation or dose-independently by oral administration. Its inhibitory activity on monoamine oxidase was remarkable, showing $49.4\%$ inhibition at a concentration of 5.0 mg/ml. Six new terpenes with seven known compounds were detected by our GC-MS analytical conditions used. As a result, the essential oil fragrance of Nardostachys jatamansi would be clinically useful for a sedative by either inhalation or oral administration.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2011

To characterize the relationship between the stage of hepatic fibrosis and bioimpedance, several electric parameters were estimated in rats with $CCl_4$-induced liver fibrosis. Thirty three Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with a $CCl_4$-mineral oil mixture (1:1, 0.2 mL/100 g) twice a week for 8 weeks. The resistance(R), reactance(X), impedance(Z), and dissipation factor(D) between 1 kHz and 100 kHz were then evaluated in the livers of the rats under pentobarbital anesthesia using an HP4294A Impedance Analyzer. The rats were killed 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks later, and their livers were classified in accordance with Ishak's scoring system. R, X, and Z changed in accordance with the progression of hepatic fibrosis and the changes were greater at lower frequencies than at higher frequencies. In comparison, the D spectrum was biphasic; D increased initially then decreased with increasing frequency. All of the parameters(R, X, Z, and D) changed in accordance with the stage of fibrosis in the livers, but D changed specifically with the progression of fibrosis. These results indicate that hepatic fibrosis may be evaluated by determining the changes in D.