• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.78-85
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• 2002

Fifteen isolates from pear, and sixteen isolates from KCTC, KCCM, and Chungnam Univ. of Penicillium spp. were investigated for the analysis of their relationships of cultural characteristics and RAPD genetic variation by RAPD. The cultural characteristics of Penicillium spp. were shown different growth rate, morphology, and color. In addition, the cultural characteristics and RAPD analysis were conducted for the pear rot pathogens and related isolates. RAPD patterns were applied to compare the taxonomic and genetic diversity of the Penicillium species between 15 groups isolated from pear fruits and 16 standard species. The genomic DNA were amplified from $0.1{\sim}2.0kb$ by five URP primer and 744 bands were detected. The cluster analysis showed four genomic DNA RAPD groups and its similarity was 47.7%. Intraspecific relationships were 87.4, 97.5 and 95.2%, in P. expansum, P. solitum, and P. crustosum, respectively. These results appeared to be that there were high similarities between isolates, and consistent with the results of cultural morphological characteristics analysis.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.30-30
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• 2015

This study was conducted aiming with the assessment of fungal diversity in soil samples collected from different locations of Jeollabuk-do and Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. Forty soil samples were collected in 2015 and fungi were isolated through serial dilution technique. Isolated fungi were purified and differentiated according to their morphological and microscopic characteristics. In total, 150 different representative isolates were recovered and the genomic DNA of each isolate was extracted by using QIAGEN$^{(R)}$ Plasmid Mini Kit (QIAGEN Sciences, USA) and the identification of fungi was carried out by sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA). Recovered isolates belonged to 37 family, 67 genera and 108 species. Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Chaetomium spp. And Fusarium spp. were the most dominant taxa in this study. Out of total species, 20 species were identified as new records for Korea.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.341-350
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• 2010

Blue mold is the most important postharvest disease of apples in Korea. Apple fruits with blue mold symptoms were collected from storages in different locations in Korea and were investigated for their association with Penicillium species. A total of sixty five isolates of Penicillium were sampled from the collected apples. Based on DNA sequence analysis of ${\beta}$-tublin gene and ITS and lsu rDNA (ID region) and morphological characteristics, they were identified as P. crustosum, P. expansum, P. italicum, P. solitum and P. sp.. P. sp. which is closely related to P. hirsutum is a new species, not reported before. P. expansum (35%) was predominant species followed by P. crustosum. The phylogenetic tree inferred from combined ${\beta}$-tublin and ID region sequence showed good correlation with species that are defined by morphological characteristics. In pathogenicity test, apples were wound-inoculated with conidial suspension and incubated at $20-22^{\circ}C$. The most severe and destructive species was P. expansum. The species caused a decayed area 42-50mm in diameter after 8-10days. Decayed area caused by P. crustosum and P. sp. was 26-32mm and 20-26mm, respectively. This is the first record of P. crustosum, P. italicum and P. sp. from apple in Korea.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.456-464
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• 1998

For the standardization and quality improvement of traditional Korean Nuruk, 10 strains of fungi, which were isolated from Nuruks and showed good productivity of the saccharogenic and dextrinogenic enzymes, acid and flavor, were selected and their enzymological characteristics and identification were carried out. Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus sp. showed a high liquefying activity without regard to cultivation time, whereas the majority of strains except for Rhizopus sp. had decreasing saccharifying activity in proportion to the increase in cultivation time. Aspergillus spp. No.17-2, No.17-6 and Rhizopus sp. No.18-1 showed high liquefying and saccharifying activity after 15 and 30 day cultivation. The optimum temperature of most of these saccharogenic and dextrinogenic enzymes was from 40$^{\circ}C$ to 60$^{\circ}C$, and their optimum pH was extensive between pH 3 and pH 11. But Penicillium spp.(2 strains) and Rhizopus sp. showed low activity under the alkalic and acidic conditions. Among these isolated strains, 5 strains which had shown the high productivity of materials were identified as Aspergillus oryzae NR3-6 and Aspergillus oryzae NR17-6, Aspergillus penicilloides NR12-1, Penicillium expansum NR7-7 and Rhizopus oryzee NRl8-1, respectively. Five kinds of mixed culture were carried out and all of them showed a better productivity of saccharogenic and dextrinogenic enzymes than single culture. These results indicate that it is possible to make traditional Korean liquors of good quality by using these fungi.

• Mycobiology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.287-295
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• 2018

In this study, we evaluated the effect of different temperatures (10, 20, 30, and $40^{\circ}C$) and relative humidities (RHs; 12, 44, 76, and 98%) on populations of predominant grain fungi (Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium fellutanum, and Penicillium islandicum) and the biocontrol activity of Pseudomonas protegens AS15 against aflatoxigenic A. flavus KCCM 60330 in stored rice. Populations of all the tested fungi in inoculated rice grains were significantly enhanced by both increased temperature and RH. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that one unit increase of temperature resulted in greater effects than that of RH on fungal populations. When rice grains were treated with P. protegens AS15 prior to inoculation with A. flavus KCCM 60330, fungal populations and aflatoxin production in the inoculated grains were significantly reduced compared with the grains untreated with strain AS15 regardless of temperature and RH (except 12% RH for fungal population). In addition, bacterial populations in grains were significantly enhanced with increasing temperature and RH, regardless of bacterial treatment. Higher bacterial populations were detected in biocontrol strain-treated grains than in untreated control grains. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing consistent biocontrol activity of P. protegens against A. flavus population and aflatoxin production in stored rice grains under various environmental conditions of temperature and RH.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.496-502
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• 2016

This review describes the diversity of Korean fermented foods and their significance as potential sources of probiotic bacteria. Fermented foods consumed in Korea are categorized according to their base material. Fermented foods such as kimchi, meju, doenjang, kangjang, jeotgal, and makgeolli are reported to have significant medicinal properties. These fermented products, which are consumed regularly by local people, are rich sources of beneficial microbes represented by several genera, including Weissella spp., Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Mucor, Penicillium, Scopulariopsis, Aspergillus, Rhodotorula, Candida, Saccharomyces, and Bacillus, as well as lactic acid bacteria. Fermented foods are now taken beyond the boundaries of their use as mere side dishes and are used significantly as a functional as well as medicinal foods. Fermented foods are a rich source of potential natural substances with antioxidant, anticancer, anticholesteric, antiobesitic, and antiaging properties, so that traditional fermented foods used as food supplements can impart health benefits. Publication of scientific studies on the dietary benefits of various fermented foods and growing consciousness about the potential health benefits of traditional fermented food are reflected in the scores of reports currently available in this field. Food microbiologists now have abundant opportunities to explore Korean traditional fermented foods for the isolation of new bacterial strains and to evaluate the potential applications of these strains through microbiological research.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2006

The objective of this study is to provide fundamental data for pertinent management of indoor air quality through investigating the size-based characteristics of bioaerosol distributed in the general hospital. Measurement sites are main lobby, ICU, ward and laboratory and total five times were sampled with six-stage cascade impactor. Based on the result of this study, concentrations of airborne bacteria and fungi were the highest in main lobby as followed by an order of ward, ICU and laboratory. Concentrations of airborne bacteria was generally higher than those of airborne fungi and the ratio of indoor and outdoor concentration of both exceeded 1.0 in all the measurement sites of the general hospital. The predominant genera of airborne bacteria identified in the general hospital were Staphylococcus spp.(50%), Micrococcus spp.(15-20%), Corynebacterium spp.(5-20%), and Bacillus spp.(5-15%). On the other hand, the predominant genera of airborne fungi identified in the general hospital were Cladosporium spp.(30%), Penicillium spp.(20-25%), Aspergillus spp.(15-20%), and Alternaria spp.(10-20%). In regard to size distribution of bioaerosol, the detection rate was generally highest on 5 stage($1.1-2.1{\mu}m$) for airborne bacteria and on 1 stage(>$7.0{\mu}m$) for airborne fungi. Cleanliness of facilities in the general hospital and condition of HVAC system should be monitored regularly to prevent indoor air contamination by airborne microorganisms.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1982

The soil microfungal flora of the paddy fields in Korea was investigated at four different seasons. The fungi were isolated by the dilution plate method from soil samples of two selected sites around Seoul. A total of 85 isolates was obtained as pure cultures and 30 species 13 genera were identified and 11 isolates were unidentified. Among these, 6 species of Deuteromycetous fungi, Penicillium spp., were found to be dominant in paddy field soils. Penicillium funiculosum, P. piceum, P. roqueforti and P. verruculosum were described as new to Korea. P. piceum has remarkable characteristics of the typical columnar head similar to a compact spruce-like evergreen tree. P. requeforti has penicilli variable in pattern with compactly branched metulae and appressed or Paecilomyces variotii were also described. In addition, Zygorhynchus moelleri, a remarkably dominant Zygomycete in Korean paddy soils, produces subglobose sporangia with oval columella and dark colored zygospores of about $35\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2006

Several pathogens associated with bulb rot of lilies in storage house were identified with respect to rot types. Rot patterns were grouped into four different types; brown rot of bottoms, brown rot of shoots, water-soaked rot and blue mold. Brown rot of bottoms was the highest in frequency with 72.5%, and brown rot of shoots the least with 23.0%. Dominant pathogens were differed with rot patterns, brown rot of bottoms by Fusarium oxysporum, blue mold and brown rot of shoots by Penicillium brevicompactum and P. fellutanum. In wound-inoculation tests, Penicillium and Fusarium isolates caused severe rot on the bulbs. Bulb disinfection before storage by captan showed the most prominent control value of 95.2% followed by thiophanate-methyl with 85.6%.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.356-366
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• 2018

The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is one of the most common and economically important pests of stored cereal products worldwide. Furthermore, these beetles can act as vectors for several fungal post-harvest diseases. In this study, we collected T. castaneum from 49 rice processing complexes (RPCs) nationwide during 2016-2017 and identified contaminating fungal species on the surface of the beetles. Five beetles from each region were placed on potato dextrose agar media or Fusarium selection media after wet processing with 100% relative humidity at $27^{\circ}C$ for one week. A total of 142 fungal isolates were thus collected. By sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, 23 fungal genera including one unidentified taxon were found to be associated with T. castaneum. The genus Aspergillus spp. (28.9%) was the most frequently present, followed by Cladosporium spp. (12.0%), Hyphopichia burtonii (9.2%), Penicillium spp. (8.5%), Mucor spp. (6.3%), Rhizopus spp. (5.6%), Cephaliophora spp. (3.5%), Alternaria alternata (2.8%) and Monascus sp. (2.8%). Less commonly identified were genera Fusarium, Nigrospora, Beauveria, Chaetomium, Coprinellus, Irpex, Lichtheimia, Trichoderma, Byssochlamys, Cochliobolus, Cunninghamella, Mortierella, Polyporales, Rhizomucor and Talaromyces. Among the isolates, two known mycotoxin-producing fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium spp. were also identified. This result is consistent with previous studies that surveyed fungal and mycotoxin contamination in rice from RPCs. Our study indicates that the storage pest, T. castaneum, would play an important role in spreading fungal contaminants and consequently increasing mycotoxin contamination in stored rice.