• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) The antimicrobial activity of GFSE was strong enough against such bacteria as Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio fluvialis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia sp. Growth of the above strains was inhibited by the GFSE'S concentration of 50 ppm. The growth of Vibrio vulnificus was completely inhibited by adding the 50 ppm GFSE to the nutrient broth medium with $3\%$ NaCl. The cell counts of Vibrio uulnfficus $5.2\times10^5$ at first in $5\%$ skim milk containing GFSE 0, 10, 30, 50 and 100 ppm were reduced to 35, 48, $5.6\times10^2,\;5.3\times10^3\;and\;9.6\times10^3/ml$ after 120 hours, respectively. And growth of Aspergillus Parasiticus, Asperillus versicolor, Penicillium funiculosum, Py-renochaeta terrestris and Trichoderma viride were inhibited by the concentration of GFSE 100, 50, 100, 10 and 30 ppm, respectively. The shelf life of Mulkimchi containing GFSE 50 and 100 ppm was 20 days longer than the control during storage at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;20^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.565-571
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the tolerance of some resistant fungal strains from soils contaminated with heavy metals. Various fungal strains were isolated from soil samples collected from studied sites which heavy metals and other pollutants have been emitted in effluents for several years. Fungi isolated belong to different genera; however, Penicillium spp. showed the most frequent species. The microbial number was remarkably higher in the control soil than contaminated soil samples collected from mining areas. $Pb^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ had the highest concentration in the polluted soils ranging from 89 - 3,521 ppm and 98 - 4,383 ppm, respectively. The minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) of $Pb^{+2}$ and $Zn^{+2}$ showed the highest values against the fungal strains. $Ni^{+2}$ and $Co^{+2}$ were the lowest contaminants in the polluted soils with the concentration of 5 to 12.1 ppm and 1.8 to 4.8 ppm, respectively. The tested resistant strains showed the strongest inhibition for $Ni^{+2}$ and $Co^{+2}$ up to 200-400 ppm. Cadmium was the most highly toxic heavy metal for most of strains, however, 1 mM of $Cr^{3+}$, $Cu^{2+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ accelerated the growth of Penicillium verrucosum KNU3. $Cu^{+2}$ and $Zn^{+2}$ at concentration of 1 mM did not affect the growth rate P. funiculosum KNU4. Tolerance of fungal species to heavy metals appears to be strain and origin dependent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.731-738
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• 2019

Endophytic fungi are an important component of plant microbiota, and have the excellent capacity for producing a broad variety of bioactive metabolites. These bioactive metabolites not only affect the survival of the host plant, but also provide valuable lead compounds for novel drug discovery. In this study, forty-two endophytic filamentous fungi were isolated from Ficus elastica leaves, and further identified as seven individual taxa by ITS-rDNA sequencing. The antimicrobial activity of these endophytic fungi was evaluated against five pathogenic microorganisms. Two strains, Fes1711 (Penicillium funiculosum) and Fes1712 (Trichoderma harzianum), displayed broad-spectrum bioactivities. Our following study emphasizes the isolation, identification and bioactivity testing of chemical metabolites produced by T. harzianum Fes1712. Two new isocoumarin derivatives (1 and 2), together with three known compounds (3-5) were isolated, and their structures were elucidated using NMR and MS. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli. Our findings reveal that endophytic fungi from the rubber tree F. elastica leaves exhibit unique characteristics and are potential producers of novel natural bioactive products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 1998

Pectin hydrolysate prepared from citrus pectin by enzymatic hydrolysis has antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity was increased by its hydrolyzing rate and it was rapidly increased after 70% hydrolysis of the pectin. The antibacterial activity of pectin hydrolysate against Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 was the strongest at pH 4.9~5.5, but it diminished slightly at neutral pH values. The antibacterial activity of pectin hydrolysate was stronger than those of against molds and yeasts. The growth of bacteria submitted to this test except lactics was completely inhibited for 48 hrs at $35^{\circ}C$ by adding 2.0~3.0% pectin hydrolysate. While the growth of Lactococcus lactis ATCC 19435 and Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Penicillium funiculosum ATCC 11797 were reached about 60~70% compared with those of the controls in the same condition. But there was no significant effect on the growth of the yeasts. The antibacterial effect of pectin hydrolysate was significantly stimulated by addition of glycine, ethanol, sodium ascorbate, sodium chloride and sodium acetate. The shelf life of Kimchi containing 1.0% pectin hydrolysate was prolonged above 15 days at $4^{\circ}C$ than that of its control. In case of whitish bean jam viable cell counts were inhibited about 2 log cycles by 10 days at $25^{\circ}C$. According to these results, author can sincerely suggest that pectin hydrolysate will be used as a natural food preservative for inhibition of common bacterial growth without inhibition of lactics and yeasts.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.22
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• pp.5-25
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• 2001

The germicidal and insecticidal properties of volatile components extracted from star anise(Illicium verum Hooker filius) and clove (Eugenia caryophyllata THUNBERG)were evaluated against five microorganisms and three insects for the purpose of developing biocidal active substances from medicinal plants. The volatile components of star anise and clove showed strong antimicrobial effect against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium funiculosum, Mucor hiemalis, Trichoderma viride, and Aureobasidium pullulans. The extracts of each medicine also showed insecticidal effects against Sitophilusoryzae L., Lyctus linearis GOZE, and Reticulitermes spertus kyushuensis Morimoto. Fumigant toxicities to adult insects were determined. In the case of fumiganttoxicity, the extract of star anise showed 100% mortality against R. spertus, S.oryzae, and L. linearis at rates of $2.5\mu\ell$, $50\mu\ell$, $250\mu\ell$/filter paper, respectively but showed no killing effects by clove. The volatile components of star anise and clove were investigated by means of GC/MS. The main constitute, anethole among 20components from star anise and eugenol among 9 components from clove were identified. The mixture of star anise and clove as the volume ratio of 2 : 1 showed higher properties for antimicrobial and insecticidal effect than each volatile component. A. niger was inhibited by the mixture(125ml/$m^3$) for up to 10 days of exposure. Also, from the result of observing state change of organic materials by volatile extracts of star anise and clove, volatile extracts effects have no effect on natural organic materials of organic cultural properties and can be used as biological control agent. As research contents as above, the insecticidal and germicidal agents from star anise and clove and the mixture of them were more efficient and high level to prevent biological damage for conservation of organic cultural properties. So they may be used in new development of biologicalinsecticidal and germicidal agents for conservation of cultural properties.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.559-565
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• 2013

This study evaluated the ability of white and brown rot fungi to decompose fire retardant-treated wood by measuring mass loss. Anti efficacy of FRT against sapstain and mold fungi was evaluated. Wood was treated with liquid sodium silicate and boric acid, ammonium borate, di-ammonium phosphate. Retardant treated wood was then subjected to fungal decay resistance tests performed according to KS standard method using a brown-rot fungus, Fomitopsis palustris and white rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Aspergillus niger, Penicillium funiculosum, Rhizopus nigricans, Aureobasidium pullulans, Tricoderma virede fungi were used anti-sapstain and mold test. Boron and phosphorus chemicals used in this study increased the resistance of fire retardant treated wood against both fungal attack. Anti mold and sapstain efficacy of the fire retardant treated wood was excellent but there were difference depend on mold. After the liquid sodium silicate treatment, the second chemical treatment process could lead chemical fixation into wood, which effects decay resistance.