• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.3 s.82
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• pp.167-175
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• 1997

The PCR fragments of two distinct chitin synthase genes, PdCHSl and PdCHS2, were cloned from Penicillium diversum KCTC 6786. The nucleotide sequences of PdCHSl and PdCHS2 contained uninterrupted open reading frames (ORFs) of 570 bp excluding the primer sequence. The similarity analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences using BLASTP indicated that the possible evolutionary relationship between P. diversum and ascomycetous fungi. Multialignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of PdCHSs using CLASTAL W revealed that the PdCHSs fell into two different classes: PdCHSl into Class I and PdCHS2 into Class II of chitin synthase defined by Bowen et al. (1992). By Southern blot analysis, it was shown that each of the two genes is present as a single copy in the genome of P. diversum KCTC 6786.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.78-85
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• 2002

Fifteen isolates from pear, and sixteen isolates from KCTC, KCCM, and Chungnam Univ. of Penicillium spp. were investigated for the analysis of their relationships of cultural characteristics and RAPD genetic variation by RAPD. The cultural characteristics of Penicillium spp. were shown different growth rate, morphology, and color. In addition, the cultural characteristics and RAPD analysis were conducted for the pear rot pathogens and related isolates. RAPD patterns were applied to compare the taxonomic and genetic diversity of the Penicillium species between 15 groups isolated from pear fruits and 16 standard species. The genomic DNA were amplified from $0.1{\sim}2.0kb$ by five URP primer and 744 bands were detected. The cluster analysis showed four genomic DNA RAPD groups and its similarity was 47.7%. Intraspecific relationships were 87.4, 97.5 and 95.2%, in P. expansum, P. solitum, and P. crustosum, respectively. These results appeared to be that there were high similarities between isolates, and consistent with the results of cultural morphological characteristics analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Entomolohy Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.131-131
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• 2001

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.179-184
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the diversity of culture-dependent fungal species in the sawdust media of Lentinula edodes. A total of 405 fungi were isolated from the specimens and identified to belong to 24 genera and 42 species. Among the identified 42 species of fungi, 26.2% belonged to Penicillium sp., 9.5% belonged to Trichoderma sp., and 64.3% belonged to others. Especially, Trichoderma harzianum, which is a causal agent of fungal disease in mushroom, was found on all the farms, and showed the highest frequency among the identified fungi. Community analysis showed that the fungal diversity patterns of the samples were similar to each farm and many kinds of fungi existed in the sawdust media at high levels. These results showed that the management of internal environments would be required for the stable cultivation of Lentinula edodes.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.14
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• pp.225-250
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• 1981

The investigation of air fungal population in the storages to keep papers and textiles that are designated as important folk life materials or treasures was carried out from Dec. 17 to. 23, 1980. Isolation media was used for malt extract agar with chloramphnicol to prevent bacterial contamination. Isolation and identification of air fungi from the four preserved rooms were Cladosporium cladosporioides, Alternaria chlamydospora, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. versicolor, Eurotium chevalieri, Penicillium charlesii var. rapidum, P. oxalicum. P. viridicatum, Trichoderma viride, Acremomium sp., Mucor sp. and Yeast. It was found that nine species in eight genera was isolated. Among them, underscribed species in Korea was two species ; Eurotium chevalieri and Penicillium visidicatum. The fungal population of four storages was showed to be dominant species such as Cladosporium cladosporioides and the order was Acremonium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Alternaria and Eurotium. Eurotium chevalieri was ascomycetous fungi including distinctive ascospores in cleistothecia, the filamentous fungi was directly isolated from the papers and cellulose materials showing to be fourteen species in eight genera. The most species of the fungi isolated was also Cladosporium cladosporioides and the other fungi were found as Acremonium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Trichoderma. It was confirmed that underscribed fungi were two species ; Mucor racemosus and Penicillium spinulosvm. The effect of four antifungal agents, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, dehydroacetic acid and thymol was also examined on eight species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium. and Tricoderma. this results were shown that more than 0.5% concentration of thymol inhibited the grow of all fungalspecies and other three chemicals appeared various inhibition zones of fungal growth depending in their different concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2001

We investigated the capability of the phosphate-solubilizing fungus, Penicillium sp. GL-101, to solubilize in vitro some insoluble rock phosphate via possible mechanisms: acidification of the medium, production of chelating metabolites, redox activity, and so on. GL-101 was able to solubilize rock phosphate (mostly calcium phosphate) in a liquid potato dextrose broth(PDB) medium, as determined by spectrophotometric analyses. Acidification was the major mechanism of solubilization since the pH of cultures fell below 4.0 and in cultures containing 1.0%(w/v) loess the pH dropped from 7.0 to 3.2. More than 10 mg/mL concentrations of citric acids were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) in the culture supernatants. Also this fungus showed the phosphatase activity (over 1.3 unit) to contribute partially releasing phosphate from rock phosphate, when supplemented with 1.0% loess in culture broth. The chelating activity of GL-101 in culture supernatants was not present because 2-ketogluconic acid, a chelating agent for the phosphate, was produced only a basal level. Therefore, the solubilization mechanism of rock phosphate by Penicillium sp. GL-101 involves both acidification due to citric acid production and phosphatase activity.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.398-402
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• 2020

This study was conducted to set up a proper replacement cycle of High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters by observing the microbial populations in the air of the cultivation house of Pleurotus eryngii, before and after HEPA filter replacement at different periods. The density of bacteria and fungi in the air during each cultivation stage was measured using a sampler before the replacement of the HEPA filter. The results showed that airborne microorganisms had the highest density in the mushroom medium preparation room, with 169.7 CFU/㎥ of bacteria and 570 CFU/㎥ of fungi, and the removed old spaun had 126.3 CFU/㎥ of bacteria and 560 CFU/㎥ of fungi. The density of bacteria and fungi in the air at each cultivation stage before the replacement of the HEPA filter was 169.7 CFU/㎥ and 570 CFU/㎥, and 126.3 CFU/㎥ and 560 CFU/㎥, during the medium production and harvesting processes, respectively. After the replacement of the HEPA filter, the bacterial density was the lowest in the incubation room and the fungal density was the lowest in the cooling room. The microbial populations isolated at each period consisted of seven genera and seven species before the replacement, including Cladosporium sp., six genera and six species after 1 month of replacement, including Penicillium sp., 5 genera and 7 species after 3 months of replacement, including Mucor plumbeus, and 5 genera and 12 species, 5 genera and 10 species, and 5 genera and 10 species, 4, 5, and 6 months after the replacement, respectively, including Penicillium brevicompactum. During the period after replacement, the species were diversified and their number increased. The density of airborne microorganisms decreased drastically after the replacement of the HEPA filter. Its lowest value was recorded after 2 months of replacement, and it increased gradually afterwards, reaching a level similar to or higher than that of the pre-replacement period. Therefore, it was concluded that replacing the HEPA filter every 6 months is effective for reducing contamination.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

Indoor airborne bacterial and fungal concentrations were examined at classrooms and corridors of 3 elementary schools in Ulsan. Airborne microorganisms were collected with an impaction-type air sampler using plate count agar and dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar. During the semester, concentrations of bacteria ranged $168{\sim}3,887 MPN/m^3$ at classrooms and $168{\sim}6,339 MPN/m^3$ at corridors, while those of fungi ranged $34{\sim}389 MPN/m^3$ at classrooms and $91{\sim}507 MPN/m^3$ at corridors. The bacterial concentrations showed larger variations between situations and schools compared to those of fungi. When airborne bacteria were isolated and identified, 84% were observed as Gram-positive, and Micrococcus spp. was the most abundant group with 61% of tested isolates, followed by genus Staphylococcus with 10%. The Micrococcus spp. isolates, of which 75% were identified as M. luteus, appeared to be from human origins. The protective pigments and substantial cell wall of Micrococcus may provide selective advantage for their survival in the air. We also isolated and identified 15 genera of filamentous fungi. The most common culturable fungi were Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium, and these 3 genera were 69% of fungal isolates. Genus Stachybotrys, of which S. chartarum is a well known producer of many potent mycotoxins, was also detected from one of the schools. further systematic studies are necessary with an emphasis on species identification and mycotoxin production of isolated fungal genera, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Stachybotrys.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.137-144
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• 2007

Koji is steamed rice that has had koji-kin, or koji mold spores, cultivated onto it. The isolation, culture, and microscopic examination of molds in the koji require the use of the selective media and special microscopic slide techniques. If simple wet mount slides of molds were attempted, it became apparent that wet mount slides made from mold colonies usually don't reveal the arrangement of spores that is so necessary in identification. The process of merely transferring hyphae to a slide breaks up the hyphae and sporangiophores in such a way that identification becomes very difficult. The slide culture method is superior to wet mounts in that the hyphae, sporangiophores, and spores remain more or less intact when transferred. The procedure that will be used to produce a mold culture on a slide that can be observed directly on the slide. We investigated the contamination rate of penicillium spp. on the 21 kinds of koji distributed at Korea. The contamination rate of Penicillium spp. were not detected at 21 products by slide culture method. These results will be used to reestablish a mold determination of koji and food in Food Additives Code.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 1982

In order to prevent the losses of the rice by fungal deterioration during storage, fungal contaminants were isolated and identified from the grain samples (Milyang Nr.23) stored for seven months from December, 1978 to June, 1979 in silo, flat store and Tongari. Out of thirty cultures isolated from Korean paddy and brown rice samples, twenty seven species were identified, and there are eleven species of Aspergillus (A. caespitosus, A. condidus, A. chevalieri, A fischeri, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. oryzae, A. ruber, A. sydowii, A. versicolor), five species of Penicillium (P. atramentosum, p. chrysogenum, P. cyaneofulvum, P. nototum, P. steckii), two species of each Alternaria (Al. faesiculata, Al. grisea) and Curvalaria (C, interseminata, C. tetromea), and one species of each Trichothecium roseum, Nigrospora sphaerica, Rhizopus nigricans, Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Helminthosporium spp., and Gliocladiopsis spp. The major types of fungi grown on the surface of paddy during storage were A. flavus and A. candidus, while A. ruber and A. sydowii appeared in brown rice samples. And also A. candidus, A. versicolor and A. glacus groups were considered as major deteriorating microorganisms in stored brown and paddy rice in Korea.