• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 1987

The objective of this study is to develop a soil hardness tester which can estimate tillage resistance with tae travelling cone-penetrometer. For the study, a series of tests was performed using the cone penetrating in the horizontal direction. Based on the tests above, soil hardness was represented by travelling cone-index vs depth of cone penetration, travelling speed and moisture contents of the soil Resistance characteristics obtained from the experiments were compared with those by a vertical cone-penetrometer and the Yamanaka's soil hardness tester. Following conclusions were made from the study. 1. 8 to 9 peaks per one meter were detected in the resistance curve of cone penetration regardless of the travelling speed of cone-penetrometer when it penetrated the soil in the horizontal direction. This phenomenon seemed to be a similar one noticed in shearing pitch of plowing. 2. Cone index increased as travelling speed increased from 0.08m/sec to 0.5m/sec. 3. Linear relationship was found between the cone indices measured by the travelling coe-penetrometer and Yamanaka's hardness tester. 4. Increasing rate of the cone indices measured by vertical cone-penetrometer decreased as the depth of soil increased while the cone indices by the travelling cone-pentrometer increased linearly.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제44권3호
• /
• pp.344-346
• /
• 2011

산중식 경도 (YA, MPa)와 관입식 경도 Cone index (PE, MPa) 의 측정치를 토양특성이 다른 16개 지점에서 비교해 본 결과, 다음과 같은 회귀식을 구할 수 있었다. $$PE=YA^*1.80+0.16(R^2=0.91^{***},N=16)$$ 이 회귀식의 적용범위는 산중식경도 0.1 MPa 이상 1.3 MPa 이하, mm 단위로 8.0 mm 이상 24.5 mm 이하였다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.1085-1101
• /
• 2015

Changes in substructure conditions, such as ballast fouling and subgrade settlement may cause the railway quality deterioration, including the differential geometry of the rails. The objective of this study is to develop and apply a hybrid cone penetrometer (HCP) to characterize the railway substructure. The HCP consists of an outer rod and an inner mini cone, which can dynamically and statically penetrate the ballast and the subgrade, respectively. An accelerometer and four strain gauges are installed at the head of the outer rod and four strain gauges are attached at the tip of the inner mini cone. In the ballast, the outer rod provides a dynamic cone penetration index (DCPI) and the corrected DCPI (CDCPI) with the energy transferred into the rod head. Then, the inner mini cone is pushed to estimate the strength of the subgrade from the cone tip resistance. Laboratory application tests are performed on the specimen, which is prepared with gravel and sandy soil. In addition, the HCP is applied in the field and compared with the standard dynamic cone penetration test. The results from the laboratory and the field tests show that the cone tip resistance is inversely proportional to the CDCPI. Furthermore, in the subgrade, the HCP produces a high-resolution profile of the cone tip resistance and a profile of the CDCPI in the ballast. This study suggests that the dynamic and static penetration tests using the HCP may be useful for characterizing the railway substructure.

• 한국도로학회논문집
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.17-26
• /
• 2004

아스팔트 포장에서 노상층의 상태를 평가하는 방법 중 하나로 현장 CBR(California Bearing Ratio)시험이 이용되고 있다. 그러나 현장 CBR 시험의 경우 시험특성상 시간과 비용이 많이 소모되어 광활한 구간에서의 각 구간별 포장층의 현장강도 특성을 일일이 파악하기란 매우 힘든 단점이 있다. 이에 현장에서 보다 신속하고 경제적으로 포장 지지력을 측정하는 방법으로 동적관입시험 (Dynamic Cone Penetrometer DCP)이 많이 사용되고있다. 이미 외국의 경우 많은 실내 외 시험을 통하여 CBR 값과 DCP 시험을 통한 DCP지수(DCP Index, mm/blow)간의 상관관계가 연구되어 왔으며 최근에 국내에서도 연구가 수행되었으나 실내에 국한된 것이었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내현장에서 사용중인 노상토에 대한 현장 CBR값과 DCP지수에 대한 상관관계를 파악하는 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 통해 국외 자료와 비교하며 국내에서 노상토의 지지력을 평가하기 위한 DCP지수를 제안하고자 하였다. 연구결과, 노상층에서의 CBR 시험방법과 동적관입시험법간 상관관계식을 제시하였으며 국내 노상토의 지지력은 현장CBR값이 20$\sim$45% 범위로 설계시 CBR값을 고려한다면 상당히 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.165-177
• /
• 2015

Purpose: Accurate monitoring of soil strength is a key technology applicable to various precision agricultural practices. Soil strength has been traditionally measured using a cone penetrometer, which is time-consuming and expensive, making it difficult to obtain the spatial data required for precision agriculture. To improve the current, inefficient method of measuring soil strength, our objective was to develop and evaluate an in-situ system that could measure horizontal soil strength in real-time, while moving across a soil bin. Methods: Multiple cone-shape penetrometers were horizontally assembled at the front of a vertical plow blade at intervals of 5 cm. Each penetrometer was directly connected to a load cell, which measured loads of 0-2.54 kN. In order to process the digital signals from every individual transducer concurrently, a microcontroller was embedded into the measurement system. Wireless data communication was used between a data storage device and this real-time horizontal soil strength (RHSS) measurement system travelling at 0.5 m/s through an indoor experimental soil bin. The horizontal soil strength index (HSSI) measured by the developed system was compared with the cone index (CI) measured by a traditional cone penetrometer. Results: The coefficient of determination between the CI and the HSSI at depths of 5 cm and 10 cm ($r^2=0.67$ and 0.88, respectively) were relatively less than those measured below 20 cm ($r^2{\geq}0.93$). Additionally, the measured HSSIs were typically greater than the CIs for a given numbers of compactor operations. For an all-depth regression, the coefficient of determination was 0.94, with a RMSE of 0.23. Conclusions: A HSSI measurement system was evaluated in comparison with the conventional soil strength measurement system, CI. Further study is needed, in the form of field tests, on this real-time measurement and control system, which would be applied to precision agriculture.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.927-935
• /
• 2011

노상층의 지지력을 평가하는 일반적인 방법의 하나로 현장 CBR(California Bearing Ratio) 시험이 널리 이용되고 있다. 그러나 현장 CBR은 시간과 비용이 많이 소모되어 포장층의 강도특성을 단시간에 파악하기에는 어려운 단점이 있다. 최근에는 보다 신속하고 경제적인 방법으로 동적 콘관입시험(Dynamic Cone Penetrometer, DCP)이 많이 이용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 폐석회를 혼합한 현장모형 노상토에 대하여 현장 CBR 시험과 DCP 시험을 수행하여 현장 지지력을 평가하였으며, 현장 CBR 값과 DCP 지수에 대한 상관관계를 분석하였다. 사용한 폐석회는 인천의 화학공장에서 소다회($Na_2CO_3$)를 생산하는 공정에서 부수적으로 발생하는 부산물이며, 현장시험에서는 현장함수비, 현장밀도, 현장 CBR 시험, DCP 시험을 수행하였다. 시험결과로부터 폐석회 활용도로 노상층에 대한 DCP지수를 제안하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.304-312
• /
• 2016

Purpose: Soil strength has been measured using a cone penetrometer, which is making it difficult to obtain the spatial data required for precision agriculture. Our objectives were to evaluate real-time horizontal soil strength (RHSS) to measure soil strength in real time while moving across the field. Using the RHSS data, the tillage depth was determined, and the power consumption of a tractor and rotavators were compared. Methods: The horizontal soil-strength index (HSSI) obtained by the RHSS was compared with the cone index (CI), which was measured using a cone penetrometer. Comparison analysis in accordance with the measurement depth that increased at 5-cm interval was conducted using kriged maps at six sensing depths. For tillage control and evaluation of the power consumption, the system was installed with a potentiometer for tillage depth, a torque sensor from the rear axle, and a power take-off (PTO) shaft. Results: The HSSI was lower than the CI, but they were the same at 54.81% of the total grids for the 5-cm depth and at 3.85% for the 10-cm depth. In accordance with the recommended tillage map, tillage operations between 0 and 15 cm left 2.3% and 7% residue cover on the soil, and that between 20 and 10 cm covered a wider utilization of 3% and 18.4%, respectively. When the tillage depth was 15 cm, the comparison result of the power requirements between the PTO and rear axle in terms of control performance revealed that the maximum power requirements of the axle and PTO were 44.63 and 23.24 kW, respectively. Conclusions: An HSSI measurement system was evaluated by comparison with the conventional soil strength measurement system (CI) and applied to a tractor to compare the tillage power consumption. Further study is needed on its application to various farm works using a tractor for precision agriculture.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제31권11호
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 2015

연속 동하중을 지지하는 철도노반의 탄성거동은 대상 상부노반의 전단탄성계수에 주된 영향을 받으므로, 일정한 다짐도로 조성된 상부노반에서의 전단파속도 획득은 대상 지반의 탄성거동 예측에 활용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 상부노반에서 수행된 동적 콘 관입시험(DCPT) 결과로부터 전단파속도($V_s$)를 추정하기 위하여 동적 콘 관입지수(DCPI)와 전단파속도의 상호관계를 제시하고자 하였다. 상호관계의 신뢰도를 확보하기 위하여 동적 콘 관입시험 및 전단파속도 획득은 시공 완료된 철도 상부노반에서 수행되었다. 전단파속도 획득 방법으로서 cross hole 방법이 사용되었으며, 수신기와 발신기의 중간 위치에서 동적 콘 관입시험이 수행되었다. 동일한 심도에서의 동적 콘 관입지수 및 전단파속도 비교 결과, 전단파속도는 결정계수가 0.8 이상인 동적 콘 관입지수의 거듭제곱 형태로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 동적 콘 관입기를 이용한 상부노반의 강도평가와 동시에 전단파속도 추정 방법으로써 유용하게 사용될 것이라 기대된다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.197-216
• /
• 2016

The increased speed of a train causes increased loads that act on the track substructures. To ensure the safety of the track substructures, proper maintenance and repair are necessary based on an accurate characterization of strength and stiffness. The objective of this study is to develop and apply a cone penetrometer incorporated with the dynamic cone penetration method (CPD) for investigating track substructures. The CPD consists of an outer rod for dynamic penetration in the ballast layer and an inner rod with load cells for static penetration in the subgrade. Additionally, an energy-monitoring module composed of strain gauges and an accelerometer is connected to the head of the outer rod to measure the dynamic responses during the dynamic penetration. Moreover, eight strain gauges are installed in the load cells for static penetration to measure the cone tip resistance and the friction resistance during static penetration. To investigate the applicability of the developed CPD, laboratory and field tests are performed. The results of the CPD tests, i.e., profiles of the corrected dynamic cone penetration index (CDI), profiles of the cone tip and friction resistances, and the friction ratio are obtained at high resolution. Moreover, the maximum shear modulus of the subgrade is estimated using the relationships between the static penetration resistances and the maximum shear modulus obtained from the laboratory tests. This study suggests that the CPD test may be a useful method for the characterization of track substructures.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.10-20
• /
• 2004

Precision agriculture aims to minimize costs and environmental damage caused by agriculture and to maximize crop yield and profitability, based on information collected at within-field locations. In this process, quantification of soil physical properties, including soil strength, would be useful. To quantify and manage variability in soil strength, there is need for a strength sensor that can take measurements continuously while traveling across the field. In this paper, preliminary analyses were conducted using two datasets available with current technology, (1) cone penetrometer readings collected at different compaction levels and for different soil textures and (2) tillage draft (TD) collected from an entire field. The objective was to provide information useful for design of an on-the-go soil strength profile sensor and for interpretation of sensor test results. Analysis of cone index (CI) profiles led to the selection of a 0.5-m design sensing depth, 10-MPa maximum expected soil strength, and 0.1-MPa sensing resolution. Compaction level, depth, texture, and water content of the soil all affected CI. The effects of these interacting factors on data obtained with the soil strength sensor should be investigated through experiments. Spatial analyses of CI and TD indicated that the on-the-go soil strength sensor should acquire high spatial-resolution, high-frequency ($\ge$ 4 Hz) measurements to capture within-field spatial variability.