• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 1980

We have experienced 2 cases of the hunshot wound sof the chest involving cardiac injuries at department of the thoracic surgery, Capital Armed Forces General Hospital during I year from April I 1979 to Jan. 1980. In one case of two patients , he was a 22 years old man who was transported to this emergency room 4 hour 10 minutes after having gunshot wound of the left chest by helicopter. Physical examination showed small inlet in left 3rd ICS and left parasternal border, large outlet in left 8th ICS and left scapular line, no breath sound on left side and distant heart sound. chest roentgenography demonstrated marked pleural effusion in left side and mediastinum shifted to right. As soon as chest X-ray was taken, the bleeding through penetrating wound became profuse and cardiac arrest ensued. Closed chest cardiac massage was started and vigorous transfusion continued, but no effective cardiac activity could not be obtained. The patient was pronounced dead due to exsanguinating hemorrhage from wuwpected cardiac wounds. In this critically injured patient with evidence of intrathoracic hemorrhage and suspected cardiac penetration, only emergency thoracic exploration and immediate surgical control of bleeding points might offer the maximum possibility of survival. The other case was a 23 years old man who was transferred to the emergency room 4 hours 50 minutes after having kmultiple communicated fractures of sternum and linear fracture of right mandible by a missile. Examination revealed about 30% skin loss of the anterior chest wall, weak pulse of 96 beats/min., distant heart sound and decreased breath sounds bilaterally. finding on the chest X-ray films showed multiple sternal fractures, marked pericardial effusion indicating hemopericardium. So, the patient was moved immediately to the operation room where, after endotracheal tube inserted, a median sternotomy was performced. A hemorrhagic congestion of the right upper lobe and marked bulging pericardium were disclosed. The pericardium was opened anterior to right phrenic nerve and exsanguinating hemorrhage ensued from the 0.5cm lacerated wound in the auricle of right atrium. The rupture site of right atrium was occluded with non-crushing vascular clamps and then was over sewn with interrupted sutures. It was thought to be highly possible that he was alive long enough to have cardiorrhaphy because of cardiac tamponade, which prevented exsanguinating hemorrhage. He was taken closed reduction for linear fracture of right mandible 2 weeks after repair of ruptured right auricle in dental clinic. This patient's post-operative course was not eventful.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.204-212
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the apical microleakage in root canal filled with Resilon by methacrylate-based root canal sealer or 2 different self-adhesive resin cements. Seventy single-rooted extracted human teeth were sectioned at the CEJ perpendicular to the long axis of the roots with diamond disk. Canal preparation was performed with crown-down technique using Profile NiTi rotary instruments and GG drill. Each canal was prepared to ISO size 40, .04 taper and 1 mm short from the apex. The prepared roots were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups of 15 roots each and 5 roots each for positive and negative control group. The root canals were filled by lateral condensation as follows. Group 1: Gutta-percha with AH-26, Group 2: Resilon with RealSeal primer & sealer, Group 3: Resilon with Rely-X Unicem, Group 4: Resilon with BisCem. After stored in $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity chamber for 7 days, the roots were coated with 2 layers of nail varnish except apical 3 mm. The roots were then immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 7 days. Apical microleakage was measured by a maximum length of linear dye penetration after roots were separated longitudinally. One way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test were performed for statistical analysis. Group 1 showed the least apical leakage and there was no statistical significance between Group 2, 3, 4. According to the results, the self adhesive resin cement is possible to use as sealer instead of primer & sealant when root canal filled by Resilon.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.255-261
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare the microleakage pattern of flowable composite resin to sealant, composite resin used in preventive resin restoration and glass ionomer cement used as liner. 120 extracted sound human molars were divided into 6 groups : group 1 and 2:sealant ; group 3 and 4:preventive resin restoration ; group 5 and 6:sandwich technique restoration. For the experimental groups(group 2, 4 and 6), flowable composite resin(Tetric flow) was used. For the control group, Concise was used as sealant material(group 1), Z-100 with Concise were used as preventive resin restoration(group 3), and Vitrebond was used as cavity liner(group 5). All the restorations were thermocycled and the degree of dye penetration was evaluated with stereomicroscope. The microleakage of each group was measured and statistically analyzed. The results of the present study were as follows : 1. In group 1 and 2, there was no statistically significant difference in microleakage between Concise and Tetric flow(p>0.05). 2. In groups of preventive resin restorations, there was no statistically significant difference in microleakage between Z-100 with Concise and Tetric flow(p>0.05). 3. The microleakage of Vitrebond and Tetric flow used as liner showed no statistically significant difference(p>0.05).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.218-225
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• 2015

This study used sodium fluorescein to improve imaging diagnostic ability by increasing the fluorescence difference between sound enamel and caries lesions. It also made it easier to discriminate between stain and caries lesions using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF). Half of the specimen surface was covered with nail varnish as a control. Specimens were divided randomly in six decalcification groups and decalcified for different lengths of time. Then, ${\Delta}F$ was measured using QLF-D. After applying 0.075% sodium fluorescein, we measured ${\Delta}F$ again and compared it with the initial value. After cutting the central portion of the specimen, we measured the lesion depth using scanning electron microscopy. The lesion surfaces observed with QLF were darker than normal enamel, whereas they were lighter than normal enamel after applying fluorescein. Longer decalcification time was associated with greater fluorescent dye penetration. The ${\Delta}F$ measured after applying fluorescein was higher than the initial value (p < 0.05). Due to QLF measurement using fluorescein being more sensitive for diagnosing early decalcification, this approach will enable early diagnosis of dental caries before the cavity formation stage, allowing the treatment of early caries lesions. With QLF and sodium fluorescein, we can easily discriminate between stain and caries lesions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.884-891
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• 2016

A secondary injection system in a diesel engine has benefits: it can be controlled independently without interrupting engine control, it can be adapted to various layouts for exhaust systems, and it pose no reductant dilution problems compared to post injection systems in the combustion chamber or other supplemental reductant injections. In a secondary injection system, the efficiency of the catalyst depends on the method of reducing the supply. The reductant needs to be maintained and optimized with constant pressure, the positions and angles of injector is a very important factor. The concentration and amount of reductant can be changed by adjusting secondary injection conditions. However, secondary injection is highly dependent upon the type of injector, injection pressure, atomization, spray technology, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to establish injection conditions the spray characteristics must be well-understood, such as spray penetration, sauter mean diameter, spray angle, injection quantity, etc. Uniform distribution of the reductant corresponding to the maximum NOx reduction in the DeNOx catalyst system must also assured. With this goal in mind, the spray characteristics and impingement plate types of a secondary injector were analyzed using visualization and digital image processing techniques.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2015

Heating patterns depending on the packaging materials were examined in order to investigate the causes of thermal deformation of packages used for ready-to-eat foods for microwave heating due to the non-uniformity of microwaves. Physical properties including tensile strength, heat-resistance and elongation of four different CPP grades were compared. High retortable CPP had higher sealing strength and heat resistance compared to the conventional CPPs. All CPP samples tested were proved to have melting temperatures around $160^{\circ}C$. However, they were all thermally deformed by microwave heating due to a limited penetration of microwave and non-uniform heating within the spicy sauce of high viscosity contained high salt, especially on the above the filling line and sealing edge of pouches. When the laminated stand-up pouches composed of G-PET/PET/PET/CPP and G-PET/PET/NY/CPP were retorted and microwaved, significant deformations were noticed in both samples after retorting. Besides, pouches contained titanium dioxide showed more intense thermal deformation than the control. When the $10{\mu}m$ aluminium foil was affixed on the pouch, small thermal deformation was observed only in the bottom layer. More studies are required to prevent the thermal deformation of packaging materials used for RTE foods during microwave heating by developing the technologies to increase the thermal stability of CPP layer and the modification of packaging design to modify the microwave access into the package.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

This study conducted to understand effects of CA (CaAl₂O₄) and CA₂ (CaAl₄O₇) ratio on chloride binding ability and compressive strength and pore structure of cement mortar incorporating mixture of CA and CA₂. The Portland cement based specimens were mixed with the clinkers CA and CA₂, and these calcium aluminate clinker mixture were replaced 0, 5, 10% by weight of cement. After all the test specimens were cured for 28 days under water curing, they were immersed in the distilled water and NaCl solution. As a result, 28 days compressive strength of all specimens was similar, and As the replacement ratio of calcium aluminate clinker in the specimen increased, Friedel's salt production tended to increase. However, it was dependent on the amount of Al₂O₃ in the level of 5% replacement and CA ratio in the level of 10% replacement. Through equilibrium isotherm result, it was also indicated that as replacement ratio of calcium aluminate clinker in cement matrix increased, chloride binding capacity was improved, and chloride penetration was suppressed. In this study, the specimen replaced with 10% of the calcium aluminate clinker mixture (CA 39%, CA₂ 60%) was remarkable to control chloride attack. We figured out necessity to understand optimal CA/CA₂ ratio to effectively apply CA₂ as a sustainable building material by improving the chloride binding ability in Portland cement based system.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.204-212
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the apical microleakage in root canal filled with Resilon by methacrylate-based root canal sealer or 2 different self-adhesive resin cements. Seventy single-rooted extracted human teeth were sectioned at the CEJ perpendicular to the long axis of the roots with diamond disk. Canal preparation was performed with crown-down technique using Profile NiTi rotary instruments and GG drill. Each canal was prepared to ISO size 40, .04 taper and 1 mm short from the apex. The prepared roots were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups of 15 roots each and 5 roots each for positive and negative control group. The root canals were filled by lateral condensation as follows. Group 1: Guttapercha with AH-26, Group 2: Resilon with RealSeal primer & sealer, Group 3: Resilon with Rely-X Unicem, Group 4: Resilon with BisCem. After stored in $37{\circ}C$, 100% humidity chamber for 7 days, the roots were coated with 2 layers of nail varnish except apical 3 mm. The roots were then immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 7 days. Apical microleakage was measured by a maximum length of linear dye penetration after roots were separated longitudinally. One way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test were performed for statistical analysis. Group 1 showed the least apical leakage and there was no statistical significance between Group 2, 3, 4. According to the results, the self adhesive resin cement is possible to use as sealer instead of primer & sealant when root canal filled by Resilon.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-33
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of crumb rubber recycled from used tires as a soil incorporation and topdressing materials on a trafficked Korean lawngrass‘Zenith’(Zoysia japonica). In Exp 1, incorporation treatments included three particle sizes (PS: coarse =4∼6.35 mm, medium =2∼4 mm, and One : less than 2 mm in diameter) and two incorporation rate (IR: 10 and 20%). Wear treatments were applied 30 passes per day by compactor weights being 60 kg with soccer shoes. Topdressing treatments included three PS and two topdressing depth (TD: 5 and 10 mm). Wear treatments were the same as described in Exp 1. In Exp 1, the treatment with medium PS+IR 20 resulted in the tendency to have high total clipping yield. There was no significant difference in clipping yield, turfgrass visual color, coverage, and root length among the treatments. Compared to control, tissue Zn levels increased about 6.5-fold by the treatments. The treatment with fine PS +IR 20 caused a less peak deceleration than coarse PS +IR 10. Total porosity, air-filled porosity, and capillary porosity increased with fine PS +IR 20. In Exp 2, compared to controls, however, there was a difference in turfgrass visual color after the termination of traffic treatment. There was no difference in root length. The treatment with fine PS + TD 10 resulted in the highest total clipping yield. As a result of soil physical analysis, soil penetration resistance was reduced by the treatments. The treatment with coarse PS resulted in a less peak deceleration than fine PS. In conclusion, turfgrass growth was increased by crumb rubber incorporation which enhanced soil physical properties. The crumb rubber topdressing was able to cushion the crown tissue area while still providing a smooth and uniform surface, improve overall turfgrass quality, and reduce compaction.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 2017

Skin has a strong barrier function to protect the body from external harmful factors. This strong barrier function of the skin makes for any effective substance difficult to permeate through the skin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate skin permeability of the reduced particle size by non-invasive method. The particles were prepared by high-pressure emulsification. The niacinamide prepared in a high-pressure emulsification was absorbed 1.56 times higher than the control sample. In addition, it was found from the sixth layer of keratin that was removed by tape-stripping method. This was significantly deeper penetration. The whitening efficacy of the sample containing niacinamide was evaluated before and after 6 weeks of use. The skin color was significantly improved in both pigmented area and non-pigmented area. Through this study, it was possible to visually and quantitatively confirm the permeability confirm the permeability of the reduced particle sample into skin.