• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.461-477
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• 2017

A dual substructuring method with a penalty term was introduced in the previous works by the authors, which is a variant of the FETI-DP method. The proposed method imposes the continuity not only by using Lagrange multipliers but also by adding a penalty term which consists of a positive penalty parameter ${\eta}$ and a measure of the jump across the interface. Due to the penalty term, the proposed iterative method has a better convergence property than the standard FETI-DP method in the sense that the condition number of the resulting dual problem is bounded by a constant independent of the subdomain size and the mesh size. In this paper, a further study for a dual iterative substructuring method with a penalty term is discussed in terms of its convergence analysis. We provide an improved estimate of the condition number which shows the relationship between the condition number and ${\eta}$ as well as a close spectral connection of the proposed method with the FETI-DP method. As a result, a choice of a moderately small penalty parameter is guaranteed.

• Plant Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.32-36
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• 2016

In this study, a penalty cost appropriation methodology for CGAM performance acceptance test was suggested. As the result of CGAM performance test, there were 0.31% decreases in electricity output, 0.39% decreases in heat rate on electricity output, 0.31% increases in heat output, and 0.23% increases in heat rate on heat output. As the result of penalty cost appropriation for above performance, the penalty cost was calculated as -$20,837 in electricity output, -$25,930 in heat rate on electricity output, +$10,340 in heat output, and +$7,715 in heat rate on heat output. Each penalty is appropriated as above fore kinds, however the total penalty should be determined as how to combine above fore kinds of penalty. In our calculation, the minimum total penalty was -$18,215 and the maximum total penalty was -$46,767. The methodology of total penalty appropriation should be determined in the contract between ordering organization and construction firm, and we can understand that it is very important.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.166-169
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• 2003

Reinforcement learning if a kind of machine learning. It aims to adapt an agent to a given environment with a clue to a reward and a penalty. Q-learning [8] that is a representative reinforcement learning system treats a reward and a penalty at the same time. There is a problem how to decide an appropriate reward and penalty values. We know the Penalty Avoiding Rational Policy Making algorithm (PARP) [4] and the Penalty Avoiding Profit Sharing (PAPS) [2] as reinforcement learning systems to treat a reward and a penalty independently. though PAPS is a descendant algorithm of PARP, both PARP and PAPS tend to learn a local optimal policy. To overcome it, ion this paper, we propose the Multi Best method (MB) that is PAPS with the multi-start method[5]. MB selects the best policy in several policies that are learned by PAPS agents. By applying PS, PAPS and MB to a soccer game environment based on the SoccerBots[9], we show that MB is the best solution for the soccer game environment.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 2015

We consider a sparse high-dimensional linear regression model. Penalized methods using LASSO or non-convex penalties have been widely used for variable selection and estimation in high-dimensional regression models. In penalized regression, the selection and prediction performances depend on which penalty function is used. For example, it is known that LASSO has a good prediction performance but tends to select more variables than necessary. In this paper, we propose an additive sparse penalty for variable selection using a combination of LASSO and minimax concave penalties (MCP). The proposed penalty is designed for good properties of both LASSO and MCP.We develop an efficient algorithm to compute the proposed estimator by combining a concave convex procedure and coordinate descent algorithm. Numerical studies show that the proposed method has better selection and prediction performances compared to other penalized methods.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.49-64
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• 2010

Penalty tax of basic law that has been revised in December 30, 2006 has been amended to tax 40 percent on no report and under-reporting in unjustifiable way. This revision is a punitive regulation that reflects the national tax service's will to not sit back and watch taxpayers' intentional tax evasion by imposing a heavier tax burden, and it raised penalty tax rate that has been applied leniently compared to foreign countries. Therefore, this study examines how changes in penalty tax rate affected faithful tax report and in what level the punitive penalty tax rate should be legislated so that the effect of the penalty tax rate can be maximized by performing empirical analysis on the effect on income tax rate reporting standard of self-employed businesses before and after the time the penalty tax rate increased dramatically from 33.3% to 300% based on the items.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2006

Many financial service organizations use various types of penalties (e.g., late payment fee, overdraft fee), often inflicting customer complaints and, in extreme cases, attrition. This study examines how customers evaluate penalties using concepts from attribution theory and literatures of social justice and customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction. The study hypothesizes that both cognitive (i.e., attribution, perceived fairness, disconfirmation) and affective (i.e., emotion) responses influence customer's penalty judgment and tests the effect of moderation between attribution and perceived fairness on penalty judgment. The study uses a cross sectional survey design and collects data using the critical incident technique. The results show that attributions have significant moderating effects on the relationship between perceived fairness and dissatisfaction with the penalty and that perceived fairness, emotion, and attribution have a significant influence on penalty evaluation. The study provides discussion of the findings and managerial implications.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.844-847
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• 1997

In this paper, scheduling problem is dealt for the minimization of due date penalty for the customer order. Multiproduct batch processes have been dealt with for their suitability for high value added low volume products. Their scheduling problems take minimization of process operation for objective function, which is not enough to meet the customer satisfaction and the process efficiency simultaneously because of increasing requirement of fast adaptation for rapid changing market condition. So new target function has been suggested by other researches to meet two goals. Penalty function minimization is one of them. To present more precisely production scheduling, we develop new scheduling model with penalty function of earliness and tardiness We can find many real cases that penalty parameters are divergent by the difference between the completion time of operation and due date. That is to say, the penalty parameter values for the product change by the customer demand condition. If the order charges different value for due date, we can solve it with the due date period. The period means the time scope where penalty parameter value is 0. If we make use of the due date period, the optimal sequence of our model is not always same with that of fixed due date point. And if every product have due date period, due date of them are overlapped which needs optimization for the maximum profit and minimum penalty. Due date period extension can be enlarged to makespan minimization if every product has the same abundant due date period and same penalty parameter. We solve this new scheduling model by simulated annealing method. We also develop the program, which can calculate the optimal sequence and display the Gantt chart showing the unit progress and time allocation only with processing data.

• Plant Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.36-40
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• 2016

At the contract for power plant construction, the penalty appropriation on performance decrease is signed between ordering organization and construction firm. In this, the penalty cost signed must be reasonable value that both of ordering organization and construction firm can accept, therefore the methodology for penalty appropriation is very important. Cogeneration is a system that produces electricity and heat at the same time, therefore the penalty appropriation for cogeneration should be uncertain. Thermoeconomics analyzes various energy costs, however the relation of thermoeconomics and penalty cost may not be analyzed up to now. The aim of this study demonstrates that thermoeconomics can be applied to the penalty appropriation at the performance acceptance test. As the result of CGAM system, if the construction cost is $10,000,000, the value of $6,665,688 was appropriated to the electricity production performance and the value of $3,334,312 was appropriated to the heat production performance. Therefore if one percentage at the electricity production performance decreases, the penalty is $6,666, and one percentage at the heat production performance decrease, we can understand that the penalty is $3,334.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.39-48
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• 2019

This paper considers the Prisoner's Dilemma Game in which there exists a dilemma that the best response is that both players are to confess, but doing not confess can give a higher gain to the both players in a social perspective. To resolve such a dilemma in the game, an incentive model to encourage to confess and a penalty model for being imposed when not confessing are introduced, respectively. Then, the conditions are characterized under which incentive or penalty involved in the game's payoffs can make the game rational without a dilemma on both the personal and social perspectives, by taking the payoff values as variables with the incentive and penalty factors. Furthermore, it turns out that the resulting values of incentive and penalty are inversely proportional to each other, and thus, obtaining one of these amounts can provide the other. Simple examples are shown to interpret the theoretical verifications of our models, and randomly generated data based simulation results investigate the tendency of incentive and penalty and the resulting game values for a variety of instances. These results can provide a framework on resolving the dilemma by artificially putting incentive or penalty, although it is careful to apply more generalized real world games.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.143-149
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• 2013

A new finite element model for the hydrostatic extrusion of a biaxial bar is introduced. In this model, a penalty contact algorithm, which is adopted to replace the traction boundary conditions due to the fluid in the container of the extruder, is incorporated into a consistent penalty finite element formulation for the viscoplastic deformation of a work piece during hydrostatic extrusion. Two parameters, introduced in the penalty contact algorithm in this study, a critical penalty contact pressure $P_0$ and a critical penalty contact distance $D_c$, are carefully examined for various process conditions. The proposed finite element model is applied to the hydrostatic extrusion of a Cu-clad Al bar. The extrusion loads and thickness ratios of the clad materials by the proposed model are compared in detail to values from experiments reported in the literature. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed finite element model is useful in practical implementations.