• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1797-1802
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• 2019

Background: Breathing is the essential step of Pilates exercise and can be used to activate core muscles. Although the effects of breathing exercise on pain, breathing muscles, and cervical posture have been extensively studied, little is known about the impact of Pilates breathing on spinal posture and alignment. Purpose: To determine the effect of 3D-Pilates breathing exercise on spinal curvature and alignment of healthy adults during corrected to normal alignment. Design: One group pre-post test design Methods: Eighteen participants were given a 3D-pilates breathing exercise twice a week (20 minutes per session) for three weeks and warmed up for 10 minutes before each exercise session. To examine spinal curvature and alignment of each subject, this study used radiation free rasterstereography (Formetric III, Germany). Paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were performed to determine the difference between pre and post exercise. Results: There were statistically significant differences in height (p<.001), kyphosis angle (p<.05), trunk imbalance (p<.05), kyphotic apex (p<.01), cervical fleche (p<.05), pelvic tilt (p<.01), and lateral deviation (p<.05) between before and after 3D Pilates breathing exercise. However, there was no significant difference in lordosis angle. Conclusions: The study results indicated that three week 3D-pilates breathing exercise program could be presented as an effective rehabilitation method for improving spinal curvature and alignment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.145-154
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• 2007

In Korea, it is the one of controversial problems to distinguish heifer from cow in slaughtered Holstein cattle. This study was conducted to evaluate the several criterions which could be used to discriminate heifer from cow. Some criterions have shown significant differences between heifer and cow in ante and post-mortem inspections(p<0.01). Firstly, the numbers of milk teeth of heifer and cow were $6.12{\pm}1.92$ ($Mean{\pm}Standard$ deviation) and $0.03{\pm}0.39$ respectively. The teat diameter(D) and length(L) of cow were $26.43{\pm}4.31mm$ and $47.76{\pm}6.89mm$ respectively. However, those of heifer were significantly smaller (D: $18.04{\pm}5.04mm$, L: $28.61{\pm}8.91mm$) than those of cow. The size of udder was $203.68{\pm}16.84mm$ in Holstein cow and $112.70{\pm}20.59mm$ in heifer. Secondly, the uterus size of cow was significantly bigger than that of heifer and caruncle in mucosa of uterus could be easy to be confirmed by necropsy inspection. It was also obvious that the folding and length of uterus body were significantly remarkable in cow. Lastly, the pelvic cavity was $196.33{\pm}10.01mm$ in heifer and $220.90{\pm}11.41mm$ in cow. The ossifying maturation of heifer was $2.64{\pm}0.82$ and $6.71{\pm}1.81$ in cow. As the results, this study can be helpful for meat inspectors to discriminate the non-delivery heifer from delivery cow in Holstein cattle.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.261-270
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• 1984

The intrauterine irradiation is essential to achieve adequate tumor dose to central tumor mass of uterine malignancy in radiotherapy. The complications of pelvic organ are known to be directly related to radiation dose and physical parameters. The simulation radiation and medical records of 203 patients who were treated with intrauterine irradiation from Feb. 1983 to Oct. 1983, were critically analized. The physical parameters to include distances between lateral walls of vaginal fornices, longitudinal and lateral angles of tandem applicator to the body axis, the distance from the external os of uterine cervix to the central axis of ovoids were measured for low dose rate irradiation system and high dose rate remote control afterloading system. The radiation doses and dose distributions within cervical area including interesting points and bladder, rectum, according to sources arrangement and location of applicator, were estimated with personal computer. Followings were summary of study results ; 1. In distances between lateral walls of vaginal fornices, the low dose rate system showed as $4\~7cm$ width and high dose rate system showed as $5\~6cm$. 2. In horizontal angulation of tandem to body axis, the low dose rate system revealed mid position$64.6\%$, left deviation $19.2\%$and right deviation $16.2\%$. 3. In longitudinal angulation of tandem to body axis, the mid position was $11.8\%$ and anterior angulation $88.2\%$ in low dose rate system but in high dose rate system, anterior angulation was $98.5\%$. 4. Down ward displacement of ovoids below external os was only $3\%$ in low dose rate system and $66.7\%$ in high dose rate system. 5. In radiation source arrangement, the most activities of tandem and ovoid were 35 by 30 in low dose rate system but 50 by 40 in high dose rate system. 6. In low and high dose rate system, the total doses an4 TDF were 50, 70 Gy and 141, 123, including 40 Gy external irradiation. 7. The doses and TDF in interesting points Co, B, were 93, 47 Gy and 230, 73 in high dose rate system but in low doss rate system, 123, 52 Gy and 262, 75 respectively. 8. Doses and TDF in bladder and rectum were 70, 68 Gy and 124, 120 in low dose rate system, but in high dose rate system, 58, 64 Gy 98, 110 respectively, and then grades of injuries in bladder and rectum were 25, $30\%$ and 18, $23\%$ respectively.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze translational and rotational adjustments during automatic rigid image-registration by using different control parameters for a total of five groups on TomoTherapy (Accuray Inc, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). We selected a total of 50 patients and classified them in five groups (brain, head-and-neck, lung, abdomen and pelvic) and used a total of 500 megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) image sets for the analysis. From this we calculated the overall mean value(M) for systematic and random errors after applying the different control parameters. After randomization of the patients into the five groups, we found that the overall mean value varied according to three techniques and resolutions. The deviation for the lung, abdomen and pelvic groups was approximately greater than the deviation for the brain and head-and-neck groups in all adjustments. Overall, using a "full-image" produces smaller deviations in the rotational adjustments. We found that rotational adjustment has deviations with distinctly different control parameters. We concluded that using a combination of the "full-image" technique and "standard" resolution will be helpful in assisting with patients' repositioning and in correcting for set-up errors prior to radiotherapy on TomoTherapy.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.339-350
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• 2005

This study is the quasi-experimental study on the gait training rehabilitation. The purpose of this study is to prepare the baseline data for most suitable of gait while we were scrutinizing how the walking characters, functional walking ability, gait quality of stroke patients were affected by the gait on BWSTT (Body Weight Supported Treadmill Training) through the change of treadmill velocity and body weight support. To accomplish this purpose, this study used thirty subjects, more than 3 months post stroke, for rehabilitation who were divided between two gait training groups they received the neurophysiological physical therapy. For 6 weeks, 5 times a week for 15 minutes per session, the BWSTT group participated in 30 sessions structured speed-dependent treadmill training with 30% body weight supported, and the ratio of body weight support was gradually decreased as the patients advanced the capability of more self-support. The OGT(Over Ground Training) group received the same quantity of equal sessions like BWSTT. Firstly, we measured the absolute improvement of walking velocity (m/s), capacity(min/m) and cadence(steps/min) among walking characters. Secondly, we measured the functional walking ability such as Functional Ambulatory Category(FAC, score out of 5), Modified Motor Assesment Scale(MMAS, score out of 6) and Gait Quality Chart(score out of 41). Data analysis was performed with using SPSS 10.0 win program. The descriptive analysis was used to obtain average and standard deviation. The independent t-test and the paired t-test were used to compare both the groups about pre and post training test. Treatment effects were established by pre and post assessment. Subjects tolerated the training well without side-effects. Therefore, the results of this study were as follows; 1. There was a more significant difference from the improvement of walking velocity(0.09m/s), endurance(4.53min/m), cadence(4.20steps/min), FAC(0.26score), MMAS(0.33 score) and hip joint and pelvic of gait quality(0.39 score) ever before in the BWSTT group(p<.05). 2. There was a more significant increase from the walking velocity(0.01m/s) in the OGT group(p<.05). 3. There was a more statistical significant increase from comparing the average of walking velocity in both groups ever before(0.42m/s in BWSTT group and 0.31m/s in OGT group)(p<.05). There was a statistical significant difference from the average of cadence in both groups(61.87step/min in BWSTT group and 3.60steps/min in OGT group)(p<.05). As we can see from above, the findings suggest that BWSTT may be more effective than the OGT for improving some gait parameters such as gait velocity and cadency. This conclusion also suggest that BWSTT is more effective for the improvement of gait of stroke patients.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2013

Purpose: The way check the movement of the fiducial marker insertion in the treatment of patients with prostate cancer. However the existing methods of fiducial marker verification process difficult to identify the specific location of the marker behind the femur and pelvic bone. So to study the evaluation of maker match with using kilo voltage (KV) X-ray by On-board imager to both oblique verification method. Materials and Methods: Five patients were selected for rectal ballooning and inserted fiducial marker. Compare the position of the fiducial marker of reference plan 2D/2D Anterior/Posterior verification method and 2D/2D both oblique verification method. So to measurement the shift score of X, Y, Z (axis) and measure exposure dose given to patients and compare matching time. Results: 2 dimensional OBI KV X-ray imaging using two-dimensional matching image are orthogonal, so locating fiducial marker matching clear and useful DRR (digital reconstruction radiography) OBI souce angle ($45^{\circ}/315^{\circ}$) matching most useful. 2D/2D both oblique verification method was able to see clearly marker behind the pelvic bone. Also matching time can be reduced accordingly. According to the method of each matching results for each patient in each treatment fraction, X, Y, and Z axis the Mean $value{\pm}SD$ (standard deviation) is X axis (AP/LAT: $0.4{\pm}1.67$, OBLIQUE: $0.4{\pm}1.82$) mm, Y axis (AP/LAT: $0.7{\pm}1.73$, OBLIQUE: $0.2{\pm}1.77$) mm, Z axis (AP/LAT: $0.8{\pm}1.94$, OBLIQUE:$1.5{\pm}2.8$) mm. In addition, the KV X-ray source dose radiation exposure given to the patient taking average when AP/LAT matching is (0.1/2.1) cGY, when $315^{\circ}/45^{\circ}$ matching is (0.27/0.26) cGY. Conclusion: In conclusion for inserted fiducial marker of prostate cancer patients 2D/2D both oblique matching method is more accurate verification than 2D/2D AP/LAT matching method. Also the matching time less than the 2D/2D AP/LAT matching method. Taken as the amount of radiation exposure to patients less than was possible. Suggest would improve the treatment quality of care patients more useful to establish a protocol such as case.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of study is to expose a more uniform dose depending on the relationship between a body mass index in patients who underwent radiation therapy and an acquired dosimetric information by using a thermoluminescent dosimeter. Materials and Methods: Since 2006 to August 2011 we investigated 28 people who underwent radiation therapy were enrolled in AMC. Each patient was measured on the head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, thigh, knee joint, and ankle joint using the thermoluminescent dosimeter. The measurement value of each points compared with the prescribed center point, abdominal point, and dose measurements of points on which to base the abdomen and the patient's body mass index (BMI) were compared with reference point, abdomen dose. Results: 28 patients on prescribed dose in the abdomen by which the center point, an average dose was $100.6{\pm}5.5%$, and the other seven measuring points with the average maximum difference among the head, neck, chest, pelvic, thigh, knee, and ankle were $92.8{\pm}4.2%$, $97.6{\pm}6.2%$, $96.4{\pm}5.5%$, $102.6{\pm}5.3%$, $103.4{\pm}7.9%$, $95.8{\pm}5.9%$, $96.1{\pm}5.5%$. The relationship of abdominal point dose and the patient's body mass index (BMI) was analyzed a scatter plot, and the result of linear relationship analysis by regression method, the regression of the dose (y) was -1.009 BMI (x) plus 123.3 and coefficient of determination ($R^2$) was represented 0.697. Conclusion: The total body irradiation treatment process was evaluated the dose deviation and then the prescribed dose by which the average abdominal dose was satisfied with $100.6{\pm}5.5%$. Results of the relationship analysis between BMI and dose, if we apply the correction value for each patients, it can be achieved more uniform dose delivery.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.287-292
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• 2001

Prupose : We analyzed setup errors induced by using air-vacuum cushion as immobilization device in patients with rectal cancer. Materials and methods : We had treated the twenty patients with rectal cancer by 6 MV, 10 MV X-ray from Aug. 1998 to Aug. 1999 at Chungnam National University Hospital. All patients were treated at prone position. They were separated to two groups, control group, 10 patients using styrofoam, and test group, 10 patients using styrofoam and air-vacuum cushion. We measured errors of posterior field for x, y axis and lateral field for z, y axis with simulation film and EPID image using a matching technique. Results : In control group, the mean displacement values of pelvic bone landmark for x axis and y axis were 0.02 mm. 0.78 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of systematic error were 2.13 mm, 2.40 mm, respectively and the standard deviation of random error were 1.46 mm. 1.51 mm, respectively. In test group, the mean displacement values of x axis and y axis were -0.33 mm. 0.81 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of systematic error were 1.71 mm, 3.08 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of random errors were 1.40 mm. 1.88 mm, respectively. The mean displacement values of z axis and y axis were 2.98 mm. 0.74 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of systematic error were 4.75 mm, 2.65 mm, respectively and standard deviations of random error were 2.69 mm. 1.86 mm, respectively. The statistical difference of field size by using air vacuum cushion between two groups in posterior direction and lateral direction was not shown. Conclusion : We think that use of air-vacuum cushion may not be an advantage for improving setup accuracy in rectal cancer patients.