• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1354-1358
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• 2002

Two hundred and ten post-larvae (PL) of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (14.5-14.9 mg) were equally distributed in two experimental groups and fed with either steam cooked or extruded pellet for a period of 60 days. Physical evaluation and growth promoting effect of both the pellets were assessed. Significantly higher (p<0.05) water stability, absorption and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were recorded in extruded pellet than the steam cooked pellet. Nutrient loss was minimum in the extruded pellet for which lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.05) was recorded in this group. However, weight gain, relative growth and specific growth rate (SGR) in both the groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). Although insignificant (p>0.05) but higher amylase activity was recorded in steam pellet fed group. Survival was not affected by feeding either of the diets.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.602-608
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of commercial extruded pellet (EP) diet on the growth and water quality compared with a raw fish moist pellet (MP) diet for flounder on field feeding experiments. Three replicate groups of 130 fish per each tank (initial weight of 380 g) were fed one of the EP and Moist pellet (MP) for 7 months. In field feeding experiment, no significant difference was observed in final mean weight of fish fed the experimental EP (1,233 g) and MP (1,237 g), and any noticeable problem caused by feeding the experimental EP was not found during the whole period of feeding trial. Feed efficiency of fish fed the experimental EP was higher than that of MP, and there was no significant difference in survival between the fish fed experimental EP and MP. The concentrations of SS, COD, TN and TP of seawater in tanks of MP groups were 1-5 times higher than those of EP groups. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that diet EP could be developed to replace MP diet for the marketable size of production for flounder without adverse effects on growth performance and water quality.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.90-94
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• 2008

Growth and water quality in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica ($6.0{\pm}0.9g$) fed extruded and paste type diets were compared for 8 weeks. Fish in the duplicate tanks were fed with one of three experimental diets: two different extruded pellet diets and one paste type diet. Six FRP tanks were used with stocking density of 3.6 kg per tank (3 m3). Restricted feeds (ca. 2% of body weight) were served twice daily. Weight gains were checked at the end of every two-week interval, and water qualities in terms of NH4-N and NO2-N were determined daily one hour after feeding in the morning. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH were constantly kept within the optimum range, while fifty percent of total water volume was changed daily. Eels fed the extruded pellet diets showed significantly better (P<0.05) growth performance than did eels fed the paste type diet. The amount of feed waste from the paste type diet was significantly greater than those from the extruded pellet diets (P<0.05). Ammonia (NH4-N) waste was significantly higher from the paste diet than from the extruded pellet diets (P<0.05). These results show that extruded pellet diets are better than the paste type diet for growth and water quality management in eel culture.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.271-279
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• 2016

본 연구는 IRG의 사료 가치 및 보관성 향상을 목적으로 소형 펠렛밀의 동력 구동방식 및 함수율이 IRG 펠렛의 성형 특성 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 실시되었다. IRG의 펠렛 형성은 재료의 함수율에 큰 영향을 받았다(p<0.05). 펠렛밀의 종류별로 약간의 차이는 있지만, 함수율 25% 조건이 외관, 부하량 및 온도 변화를 고려했을 때 IRG 펠렛 성형에 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 펠렛의 경도는 펠렛밀의 종류에 관계없이 함수율이 높을수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 15~25% 조건의 함수율이 내구도에 미치는 영향은 적었지만, 함수율 25% 조건에 비해 30% 조건에서는 내구도가 급격히 떨어지는 결과를 보였다 (p<0.05). 펠렛밀의 종류와 함수율에 관계없이 IRG 펠렛 성형전에 비해 성형 후에 건물 함량이 높아졌으며(p<0.05), 펠렛 성형과정에서 발생되는 압축열과 재료의 급격한 수분 손실로 인해 총 세균수는 크게 감소되는 결과를 보였다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과에서 IRG 펠렛 형성에 바람직한 함수율은 25%로 나타났으며, 원형 펠렛밀 보다는 수평형 펠렛밀 특히, roller 구동의 수평형 펠렛밀이 IRG 펠렛 형성에 유리한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 IRG에 대한 펠렛 성형은 IRG의 사료 가치 및 장기 보관성 향상에 긍정적인 방법인 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.362-369
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• 2014

This study investigated physical properties and combustion gas characteristics for 8 types of wood pellets (4 domestic and 4 imported products) distributed in the domestic market. Results showed that most pellet types were first-grade pellets in the wood pellet quality standards in Korea with the exception of 3 pellet types from K company (second-grade in mechanical durability), G company (off-grade in nitrogen content) and P company (second-grade in ash percentage). Mixed pellets which contained more lignin and sap content were higher in mechanical durability (%) than that of white pellets. From the combustion gas analysis results, NOx emitted from all pellets combustion was at acceptable levels for national emission standard of the Clean Air Conservation Act except for pellets from G company. In addition, CO levels from all types of wood pellets were acceptable except for pellets from D company and domestic pellets were higher CO levels than imported pellets. These results indicate the higher CO levels in domestic pellets due to the usage of forest thinning materials including logging debris which usually had the high content of bark.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.703-719
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• 2017

Miscanthus had a higher lignin content (19.5 wt%) and carbohydrate (67.6 wt%) than other herbaceous crops, resulting in higher pellet strength and positive effect on combustion. However, miscanthus also contains a high amount of hydrophobic waxes on its outer surface, cuticula, which limits the pellet quality. The glass transition of lignin and cuticula were related to forming inter-particle bonding, which determined mechanical properties of pellet. To determine the effects of surface waxes, both on the pelletizing process and the pellet strength were compared with raw and extracted samples through solvent extraction. In addition, to clarify the relationship between pellet process parameters and bonding mechanisms, the particle size and temperature are varied while maintaining the moisture content of the materials and the die pressure at constant values. Furthermore, kraft lignin was employed to determine the effect of kraft lignin as an additive in the pellets. As results, the removal of cuticula through ethanol extractions improved the mechanical properties of the pellet by the formation of strong inter-particle interactions. Interestingly, the presence of lignin in miscanthus improves its mechanical properties and decreases friction against the inner die at temperatures above the glass transition temperature ($T_g$) of lignin. Consequently, it could found that the use of kraft lignin as an additive in pellet reduced friction in the inner die upon reaching its glass transition temperature.

• 청정기술
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.286-291
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• 2016

본 연구는 억새 바이오매스로 성형한 연료펠릿의 실용화를 앞당기기 위해 소나무 톱밥 펠릿과 비교한 성형 단계별 물리적 특성 변화, 소요 전력 그리고 성형된 펠릿의 품질을 조사하고, 연소 특성 개선을 위해 석회혼합 비율별로 펠릿을 성형하여 회분 함량 등 연소특성을 조사하였다. 겉보기 밀도는 억새가 원료단계와 분쇄 후에 소나무 톱밥에 비해 낮았으나 펠릿 성형 후에는 소나무 톱밥과 비슷하였다. 수분함량은 억새가 원료 단계에서 소나무 톱밥에 비해 높았으나 분쇄 후에는 비슷하였고, 펠릿 성형 후에는 낮아졌다. 억새는 소나무 톱밥 펠릿성형 공정에 없는 밀도증가 단계가 있지만 총 소요 전력이 비슷하였고, 성형된 펠릿의 내구성과 성형율도 소나무 톱밥과 차이가 없었다. 억새 펠릿은 석회혼합 비율이 증가함에 따라 회분함량이 증가하고 고위 발열량이 다소 낮아졌으나, 회분 용융점이 높아지고 clinker 발생률은 감소하는 경향이었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2010

Effect of molasses addition to complete calf starter (CCS) and the following pellet processing was evaluated with 12 Holstein-Friesian (HF) calves (7-14 d old with $42\;{\pm}\;5.5\;kg$ average BW), with 6 calves (replicate) per treatment. The CCS was formulated with 65% concentrate calf starter and 35% local corn fodder. On the CCS, molasses was added either 5% (M5) or 10% (M10), then the mixture was pelleted and fed to the calves for 7 weeks. Molasses addition, regardless of addition level, improved (p<0.05) both the durability and hardness of the pellet which contains 35% of high fibrous local corn fodder. Upon feeding to calves, the feed intake and daily gain were numerically higher with 5% molasses addition compared to 10% molasses addition. Blood VFA level was remarkably higher (p<0.01) in calves fed M10 than calves fed M5. There was no difference (p>0.05) in blood glucose level between M5 and M10. Length and number of papillae were not different (p>0.05) by the addition levels of molasses. However, there was one exception in number of papillae at caudo-dorsal sac which were higher (p<0.05) number in M5 than M10 calves. Considering the quality of CCS pellet, calf performance and rumen development, there was no additional benefit of 10% molasses addition compared to 5%. From the results of this study, 5% molasses addition could be recommended for local farmer when they utilize local corn fodder to make CCS for HF calves in Indonesia.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.187-196
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Moxa Pellet therapy on chronic low back pain. Methods: Subjects were voluntarily recruited by newspapers and internet. The Moxa Pellet therapy was performed for 4 weeks. Patients were randomized to three groups: Moxa Pellets, Control-l and Control-2 group. Moxa Pellets group administered with Moxa Pellets, Control-l group administered with moxa pellet-shaped moxa pellet without available components and Control-2 group administered with round bonded fabric that could not give pressing stimulation. Acupuncture points used in this study were $GV_3$, $BL_{23}$, $BL_{24}$, $BL_{25}$ and $BL_{22}$. The patient's symptoms were assessed before and after 4 weeks treatments by VAS, SF-MPQ and SF- 36. Results : The results are follows; 1. VAS score showed significant difference in Moxa Pellet group and Control-l group after treatment. 2. SF-MPQ score showed significant difference only in Moxa Pellet group. 3. Moxa Pellet group showed significant difference in PF, RE, MR, and BP of SF- 36 score after treatment; Control-l group showed no significant difference; Control-2 group showed significant difference in BP. There were no significant difference among the groups. Conclusions : This study suggests that Moxa Pellet therapy can be applicable to improve symptoms in the patients with chronic low back pain. Further studies on the Moxa Pellet therapy and other treatment in the patients with chronic low back pain is recommended.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.1108-1118
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of hand acupuncture therapy on sleep quality by means of a sleep questionnaire, polysomnography and a cerebral blood flow test in $30{\sim}59$ year old adults. Methods: The study was a sham controlled design. Twenty-two adults were assigned to the pellet stimulating group (11) or sham group (11). The pellet stimulating group received hand acupuncture therapy using New Seoam Press Pellets number 1 for 4 weeks. On the other hand, the sham group used the same Adhesive tape in terms of shape, size and quality as New Seoam Press Pellets number 1 for 4 weeks. A Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography and Carotid Duplex Ultrasonography examination were used for evaluating cerebral blood flow. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 version program with $X^2-test$, Fisher's exact test and Mann Whitney U-test. Results: In the pellet stimulating group, subjective sleep quality significantly improved more than that of the sham group. Among the sleep indices of the polysomnography, total sleep time and sleep latency of the sham group significantly improved. The cerebral blood flow test didn't show any differences. Conclusion: These results suggest that hand acupuncture therapy is effective for subjective sleep improvement only, not polysomnographical sleep indices and cerebral blood flow.