• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.75-85
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• 2020

PURPOSE: Cerebral palsy is a common cause of disability in children, requiring constant rehabilitation. Improving balance in children with cerebral palsy helps to alleviate daily movement and the quality of life. This study examines a program that combines Resistance Exercise and Group Exercise, and investigates the effect on trunk control ability, balance ability, maximum grip strength, and quality of life of children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: Totally, 9 children with cerebral palsy participated in this study. Resistance exercise was performed for 8 weeks, 40 minutes every day. Group Exercise was conducted for 8 weeks, 40 minutes each Sunday. All participants were evaluated by the Korean version of the trunk control measurement scale, pediatric reach test, grip strength test, and KIDSCREEN-52. RESULTS: The trunk control ability was significantly improved in all subcategories (p < .05). In the pediatric reach test, the left and right directions were significantly improved (p < .05). Maximum grip strength was significantly improved in both hands (p < .05). The quality of life significantly improved in total score, physical well-being, general moods, self-perception, autonomy, relationship with parents, and home life (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Considering the encouraging results, we propose to use Resistance Exercise and Group Exercise as programs other than rehabilitation treatment in hospitals, to improve motor function and quality of life of children with cerebral palsy.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.58-65
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• 2017

Background: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have impaired postural control, but critically require the control of stability. Consequently, therapeutic interventions for enhancing postural control in children with CP have undergone extensive research. One intervention is sensorimotor training (SMT) using a Flexi-bar, but this has not previously been studied with respect to targeting trunk control in children with CP. Objects: This study was conducted to determine the effect of SMT using a Flexi-bar on postural balance and gait performance in children with CP. Methods: Three children with ambulatory spastic diplegia (SD) participated in the SMT program by using a Flexi-bar for forty minutes per day, three times a week, for six weeks. Outcome variables included the pediatric balance scale (PBS), trunk control movement scale (TCMS), 10 meter walking test (10MWT), and 3-dimensional movement coordination measurement. Results: The SMT provided no statistically significant improvement in PBS, TCMS, 10MWT, or 3-dimensional movement coordination measurement. However, positive changes were observed in individual outcomes, as balance and trunk control movement were improved. Conclusion: SMT using a Flexi-bar may be considered by clinicians as a potential intervention for increasing postural balance and performance in children with SD. Future studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy of Flexi-bar exercise in improving the functional activity of subjects with SD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.357-365
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• 2012

Purpose : The present study has been performed to find the effects on gross motor function and balance ability of applying a balance exercise program consisting of motions able to stimulate balance-related sensory systems on various support surfaces along with goal-oriented upper extremity tasks to enhance the balance ability. Methods : 10children diagnosed as having spastic diplegia were selected as the subject for this study, of whom 5children were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) and the remainder to a balance exercise group (BEG) to perform the upper extremity task on various support surfaces. Each intervention was executed 30minutes per session with 2sessions a week for 12weeks. To make comparisons before and after intervention, gross motor function measure; standing; demention D(GMFM;D), walking/running/jumping ;demention E (GMFM;E) and pediatric balance scale (PBS) were evaluated. Results : The CG showed a significant difference (p<.05) in GMFM;E. BEG showed a significant difference (p<.05) in GMFM;D as well as GMFM;E and in PBS before and after intervention. BEG showed a significant improvement (p<.05) in GMFM;D and the PBS compared with the CG whereas it did not indicate any statistically significant difference in GMFM;E. Conclusion : According to the results of this study, it has been shown that a balance exercise accompanied by upper extremity task on various support surfaces had an effect on improvement in the gross motor function and the balance ability of children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.29-38
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• 2021

Purpose : Therapeutic exercise should improve the health outcomes of rehabilitation in children with neurodevelopmental disability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of primitive reflex integration exercises on forward head posture, balance ability, and concentration in children with neurodevelopmental disability. Methods : This study included 10 children with neurodevelopmental disability. Primitive reflex integration exercises were performed for 40 minutes, twice a week for 8 weeks (16 sessions). The reflective markers were placed at the center of the shoulders and on the ears. A caliper was used to measure the distance between the attachments of the reflective markers to assess the forward head posture. Pediatric balance scale was used to quantify balance ability. Their abilities in terms of changeless sitting, looking at the teacher, putting children's hands on their knees, and looking at immovable and movable objects, were assessed to quantify concentration. Results : There were significant improvements in forward head posture after the intervention (p=.005). Primitive reflex integration exercises significantly improved balance ability of children with neurodevelopmental disability (p=.027). There were also significant improvements in changeless sitting (p=.005), looking at the teacher (p=.004), putting children's hands on their knees (p=.005), and looking at the immovable (p=.004) and movable (p=.004) objects. Conclusion : This study showed that primitive reflex integration exercises were a useful intervention to improve forward head posture, balance, and concentration in children with neurodevelopmental disability. Therefore, primitive reflex integration exercises may also promote and improve their general development. Further studies with appropriate sample size and control group are needed to conclude the effectiveness of primitive reflex integration exercises on improving posture, motor function, and concentration in children with neurodevelopmental disability.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2801-2805
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• 2015

Background: This study was conducted with the aim of determining how students' perceived smoking-cancer relationship and cardiovascular health attitudes affect childrens' views of smoking. Materials and Methods: The sample of this descriptive-cross sectional study comprised 574 subjects between the ages of 11-15. The data were collected using the Children's Cardiovascular Health Promotion Attitude Scale and the Children's Decisional Balance Measure for Assessing and Predicting Smoking Status. Correlation and logistic regression were used for analysis. Results: It was determined that a statistically significant relationship exists between the attitudes of children towards smoking and their ideas about the relationship of smoking with cancer, which is negative and low (r=-0.223). There was also a statistically significant relationship between their attitudes towards cardiovascular health and their attitudes towards smoking, again at a low level (r=0.257). It was determined that children with ideas about smoking and cancer were 9.4 times less likely to have positive/negative attitudes towards smoking, while positive attitudes towards cardiovascular health made negative attitudes towards smoking 3.9 times less likely. Conclusions: It was determined that the attitudes of students towards cardiovascular health and their perceptions of smoking and cancer reduced the positive perceptions towards smoking.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.71-83
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• 2019

Purpose: This meta-analysis aimed to analyze to the effects of aquatic exercise programs in children with cerebral palsy and identify directions for future research. Methods: A systematic search based on the PRISMA guidelines was undertaken for studies conducted between 2006 and 2018 on aquatic exercise programs in children with cerebral palsy. A total of 10 studies were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality was assessed using the Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Controlled Trials (RoB) and Risk-of-Bias Assessment Tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS). A meta-analysis software (CMA 3.0) was used to calculate the mean effect size, effect size by intervention (Halliwick and Watsu Aquatic methods), and effect size by outcome. Results: The mean effect size was 0.457. The effect size by intervention was largest for the Halliwick method, followed by the Watsu method. The effect size by outcome was largest for range of motion, followed by the gross motor function measure, the Pediatric Berg Balance Scale, and the Modified Ashworth Scale. Meta-regression analysis showed effect size increased when sample size, number of sessions, and length of sessions increased. Conclusion: The results show that aquatic exercise programs have a positive effect on children with cerebral palsy. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a guideline that recommends the appropriate intervention and the identifies the direction of future studies on aquatic exercise programs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5937-5940
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• 2014

Background: This study was conducted as a descriptive-correlational exercise with the aim of determining the effect of student perceptions of social skills on their pro and con perceptions of smoking. Materials and Methods: The study sample comprised 106 students at $6^{th}$, $7^{th}$ and $8^{th}$ grades in three primary schools. The data were collected through socio-demographic data collection form, Social Skill Perception Form and Child Decisional Balance Scale. Data were evaluated by percentage calculation, Student t test and correlation analysis. Results: While the point average of pro perception of smoking of the students with a high point average of social skill perception, was $8.6{\pm}3.1$, in those with a low social skill perception point average it was $10.7{\pm}4.2$, the difference being significant(p=0.012). The respective point averages of con perceptions were $26.8{\pm}3.7$ and $23.5{\pm}3.3$, again significant (p=0.000). While a positive medium level (r=0.410) relationship was determined between the point average of social skill perception and con perception of smoking, a negative low level (r=0.281) relationship was determined with the pro perception of smoking. Conclusions: As the social skill perception point average increases, children's con perceptions of smoking increase and their pro perceptions decrease.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.46-65
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• 2017

Objective : The purpose of this research is to find clinical effects of application of weighted vest during task-oriented training focused on gross motor performance and balance abilities of children with spastic diplegia. Methods : 34 subjects were divided by simple random sampling into two groups; experimental group (male : 9, female : 8, average age : 8.12) and placebo group (male : 9, female : 9, average age : 7.53). Both two groups underwent to 40 minute intervention, twice a week for 12 weeks. The intervention was task-oriented training focused on facilitating closed kinematic chain and multi-joint functional movement pattern. During the training, the experimental group received loaded-resistance weighted vest and placebo group also received weighted vest but without loaded-resistance. Participants in both groups underwent 8 to 10 reps of the task-oriented training and there were 3 minutes break time between tasks. There were pre-test of gross motor performance and balance abilities, and two times of post-tests were performed upon 6 weeks and 12 weeks after the intervention completed. And in final, an additional follow-up test was performed 12 weeks after the evaluation was finished in order to find any difference between the two groups over time. Results : There was significant difference in Gross Motor Performance Measure (GMPM) between two groups. It is found that average score of the experimental group increased more than the placebo group after 6 weeks and 12 weeks intervention (p<.05). There was significant difference in Pediatric Berg's Balance Scale (PBS) between two groups. It is found that average score of the experimental group increased more than the placebo group after 6 weeks and 12 weeks intervention (p<.05). Conclusion : Based on the results in this study, it is proposed that application of weighted vest into task-oriented training to facilitating closed kinematic chain and multi-joint movement can improve gross motor performance and balance abilities of children with cerebral palsy.