• Plant Biotechnology Reports
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.333-340
• /
• 2009

Developmental anomalies in the plumule meristem of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) somatic embryos resulted in poor shoot differentiation and reduced plant recovery. Existing meristems with caulogenic potential have never been tested for embryogenesis in peanut. The present experiment was designed to test the mature zygotic embryo axis derived plumule with three meristems for somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic masses and embryos developed from the caulogenic meristems in the axils. Exposure of 2 weeks in primary medium with $90.5{\mu}M$ 2,4-D suppressed the shoot tip differentiation temporarily which then regained the ability to form the shoot on withdrawal of 2,4-D. Exposure of 4 weeks in primary medium with $90.5{\mu}M$ 2,4-D suppressed the shoot tip differentiation irreversibly. No shoot formation was noted from the tips in any of the cultures which were in secondary medium with $13.6{\mu}M$ 2,4-D. Development of somatic embryos directly from axillary meristems was confirmed histologically. Conversion frequency of these embryos was 11%. Thus, in this report, we describe a method to obtain somatic embryos from the determined organogenic buds of the axillary meristem, by culturing the nodal explant vertically on embryo induction medium. It also displays the possibility of obtaining both embryogenic and organogenic potential in two parts of the same explant simultaneously. The possibility of extending this approach for genetic transformation in in vivo system through direct DNA delivery or Agrobacterium injection in meristems can also be explored. Using Agrobacterium rhizogenes, we have demonstrated the possibility of gene transfer in the axillary meristems of seed-derived plumule explant.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.569-577
• /
• 1996

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of water potential by PEG treatment on germination and quantitative changes of seed storage reserves of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], peanut(Arachjs hypogaea L.) and corn(Zea may L.). Water potential of PEG(M.W. 10, 000) solution as germination media was 0.0, -0.2, and -0.5MPa. The highest moisture uptake rate was found in soybean seedlings among three crops. Moisture content of seedlings of three crops was decreased at -0.5MPa treatment and seedling length was delayed with water potential decrement. As water potential decreased, decreasing rate of protein content of the seedlings compared to seeds was declined in soybean and peanut. Decreasing rate of starch content of the seedlings was decreased in corn at -0.5MPa treatment. Increasing rate of sugar content of the seedlings was markedly decreased at -0.5MPa treatment in all crops. The results of this experiment showed that availability of moisture and synthesis of sugar for seed germination were influenced below -0.5MPa water potential in three crops.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.558-570
• /
• 2015

To develop and industrialize functional foods containing peanut sprout extract (PSE) and powder (PSP), the present study investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant effects of breads prepared with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% PSE and PSP. The expansion ratio of the dough, the quality characteristics such as volume, weight, specific volume, baking loss, color, texture, and sensory preference were evaluated. There were significant differences in the bread volume and specific volume among the control, PSE and PSP groups (p<0.001). Additionally, the weight and baking loss were decreased with an increasing amount of PSP (p<0.001). As the amount of PSE and PSP were increased, the L value of the crumb decreased, whereas the a and b values of the crumb significantly increased (p<0.001), suggesting that the crumb color of the bread may be significancy (p<0.001). As the amount of PSE and PSP increased, the hardness of bread significantly and rapidly increased from 5%. Meanwhile, there was no significance in springiness among the control, PSE and PSP groups. The total resveratrol content and DPPH free radical-scavenging activity of the bread significantly increased depending on the amounts of PSE and PSP (p<0.001). In the overall acceptance test, no significant differences were observed in the color, flavour, or texture, however, the taste and overall acceptance were significantly decreased between the control and the PSE group. All the sensory characteristics in the PSP group were significantly reduced compared with the control. Considering the above results, it can be expected that the suitable amount of PSE and PSP substituted for wheat flour will be from 1.0 to 2.5%. Furthermore, follow-up studies are being carried out continuously.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.116-122
• /
• 2007

Four compounds with antioxidant activity were isolated from the MeOH extract of peanut shells (pod) and identified as 5,7-dihydroxychromone (1), eriodictyol (2), 3',4',7-trihydroxyflavanone (3), and luteolin (4) by electron impact-mass spectrometry (EI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. The relationship between antioxidant activity and chemical structure of the isolated compounds with their analogues [(-)-epicatechin, quercetin, taxifolin] was examined by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and using the 2-deoxy-D-ribose degradation system. The order of antioxidant activity on the basis of DPPH radical-scavenging was quercetin = (-)-epicatechin (6.0 molecules) > taxifolin (4,5 molecules) > 4 (luteolin; 4.0 molecules) > 2 (eriodictyol; 2.5 molecules) > 3 (3',4',7-trihydroxy-flavanone; 2.0 molecules) > 1 (5,7-dihydroxychromone; 0.5 molecules). On the other hand, using the 2-deoxy-D-ribose degradation system, the order of antioxidant activity was quercetin > 4 >> (-)-epicatechin ${\geq}\;2\;{\geq}$ taxifolin > 3 > 1. These compounds from peanut shells may provide defensive measures against oxidative stress and insects in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.67-71
• /
• 1989

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the continuous cultivating periods of the hot-pepper, sesame and peanut on yields and soil microorganism from 1985 to 1988 in field. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Continuous cultivating decreased soil pH by 0.1 to 0.9 per year and soil hardness and bulk density increased. 2. Continuous cultivating increaded incidence of disease and number of nematodes. 3. The bacteria-fungi ratio of hot-pepper, sesame and peanut in continuous cultivation for 4 years were 29.6, 30.7 and 12.0 respectively. 4. The yields of hot-pepper, sesame and peanut in continuous cultivation for 4 years decreased by 39%, 33% and 23%, respectively, in comparion to 1 year cultivation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.361-365
• /
• 1986

This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics for each of botanical types of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under vinyl-and non-mulching in cultural limiting region. Ten peanut varieties pertaining to virginia-large seed, virginia-small seed, spanish, valencia, shinpung type were used in this study. Main stem length was in order of valencia, spanish, virginia-small seed, shinpung, virginia-large seed type under vinyl-and non-mulching. By vinyl-mulching, the maximum growth stage of main stem was shortened by 20 days than that of non-mulching. Number of branches per plant was distinguished among botanical types. Numbers of those were virginia-small seed 28, virginia-large seed 27, shinpung 15, spanish 13, valencia 7 under vinyl-mulching and were virginia-small seed 22, virginia-large seed 21, spanish 12, spinpung 12, valencia 5 under non-mulching. The longeset branch length was in order of valencia, spanish, spinpung, virginia-large seed, virginia-small seed type under vinyl-and non-mulching and velencia type was the longest of the botanical types.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.434-440
• /
• 2007

Yackwa is used as one of foods prepared for traditional rituals and holidays and enjoyed as snacks. Since Yackwas are fried, they contain oil, which can cause rancidity and undermines the freshness of Yackwas during distribution to retailers, not to mention a high level of calories. The study aims to develop baked Yackwas and analyze the quality in terms of calorie levels and characteristics by baking Yackwas in oven. Calorie level was 4.65 kcal/g in fried Yackwa, 3.96 kcal/g in baked Yackwa, and 2.95 kcal/g in baked peanut Yackwa prior to dip coating of grain syrup. baked Yackwa showed hardness of 13476.33 $g/cm^2$ before dipping in grain syrup, which was harder than 1912.56 $g/cm^2$ of fried Yackwa. After grain syrup coating, hardness of baked Yackwa reduced more significantly, compared with that of fried Yackwa, as grain syrup permeated through texture of Yackwa. And less hardness makes baked Yackwa tastier. Sensory evaluation was measured in a 5-point scale. Scores for texture and taste of baked Yackwa outpaced those of fried Yackwa. Score for the overall quality was 3.65 in baked Yackwa and 3.25 in baked peanut Yackwa, compared to 2.85 of fried Yackwa, indicating a higher potential of commercializing(p<0.05).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2022.10a
• /
• pp.330-330
• /
• 2022

In recent studies, cold plasma has been used to induce exudation of polyphenols and flavonoids from food materials, leading to enhancement of functional properties. And it is known that polyphenols interact with inflammation related metabolism. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of cold plasma treatments on the increase of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and anti-inflammatory activities of 'Sinpalkwang' peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) hull. Plasma treatments were carried out using a dielectric barrier discharge gas exchange system at different radicals and temperatures (O₃-25℃, O₃-150℃, NO_x-150℃). Significant differences in TPC, TFC, and inflammatory mediator such as nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages were observed between treated and non-treated peanut hull samples (p < 0.001). Cold plasma treated samples showed higher content (TPC: 2.87-2.93 mg/g sample, TFC: 0.96-0.98 mg/g sample) than non-treated sample (TPC: 2.47 mg/g sample, TFC: 0.78 mg/g sample). Cold plasma treated samples showed lower content of NO (3.3-5.0 uM) and TNF-α (141.4-162.2 ng/mL) than non-treated sample (NO: 11.1 uM, TNF-α: 210.2 ng/mL). This study suggests that cold plasma has potential to improve functionalities of food materials and that cold plasma treated peanut hull can be used as immune enhancing materials.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.68 no.3
• /
• pp.175-187
• /
• 2023

Peanuts, also known as groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), are globally recognized as a vital oilseed crop. Peanuts are rich in proteins (e.g., arginine), oils (e.g., oleic acid and linoleic acid), fiber, vitamins (e.g., niacin and tocopherol), and carbohydrates and are consumed worldwide. However, the presence of aflatoxin (AF) has garnered substantial attention since its initial discovery as the causative agent of Tukey's X disease in the United Kingdom in 1960. Among the 18 aflatoxins identified, aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) has the highest toxic activity and causes hepatocellular carcinoma. It is classified as Group I by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO). The present study was conducted to evaluate aflatoxin B₁ resistance of 102 peanut accessions and select putative aflatoxin B₁-resistant peanut accessions to aflatoxin B₁. One hundred and one Korean germplasms harvested in 2020 were inoculated with A. flavus to identify aflatoxin-resistant cultivars, and the aflatoxin B₁ concentration was measured using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector. Twenty-six accessions with aflatoxin B₁ concentrations lower than those of the check plant 55-437 were chosen for the development of aflatoxin-resistant varieties in Korea. As Korean aflatoxin-resistant varieties have not yet been developed, the findings of the present study are expected to provide useful information for the development of aflatoxin-resistant cultivars.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.56 no.4
• /
• pp.394-399
• /
• 2011

This experiment was conducted to select suitable cultivars and evaluate growth characteristics to get basic information for sprouting peanut. On sprouting peanut, it showed a rapid increase in trans-resveratrol content that has effects on anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, blood-sugar-lowering and other beneficial cardiovascular in mouse. For this experiment, characteristics of peanut sprouts were tested in 37 cultivars grown for 7 days at $26^{\circ}C$ temperature. There were a lots of variations in the growth characteristics among cultivars as followers : The range of 100 grain weight was 56 to 142 g, hypocotyl length was 4.3 cm to 5.8 cm, diameter of hypocotyl was 5.0 to 8.0 mm, epicotyl length was 0.8 cm to 4.6 cm, seedling ratio per seed number was 84% to 100%, weight per seedling was 4.9 g to 8.4 g, the rate of hypocotyl cleavage was 0% to 46%, the content of trans-resveratrol was $22.5\;{\mu}g/g$ to $88.2\;{\mu}g/g$ and sprout yield was 360% to 820%. The selection points considered were high sprout yield, high seedling rate, high resveratrol content, low brownish cotyledon, no hypocotyl cleavage, and fat hypocotyl etc. The best cultivar selected was 'Jokwang' that showed 7.8 mm diameter, clean cotyledon color, 100% seedling rate, 0% hypocotyl cleavage, $63.3\;{\mu}g/g$ resveratrol, and 820% sprouting yield. This cultivar was expected to be of use as a new food and nutraceutical material. Relationship between growth characteristics showed that root length had significant positive correlations with epicotyl length, resveratrol content and sprouting yield but negative correlations with hypocotyl diameter and cleavage. Hundred grain weight showed negative correlations with resveratrol content, seedling rate and sprouting yield but positively correlated with curved hypocotyl rate and hypocotyl cleavage positively. This result showed small grain seed will be more appropriate for sprouting peanut.