• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.266-269
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• 2023

This study aimed to address the increasing demand for technologies preventing mushroom fly damage. By monitoring the annual occurrence patterns of pests over several years and accumulating data, we conducted an analysis to evaluate the efficacy of preventive measures applied before the surge in mushroom fly infestation, typically observed in May. For preemptive control, physical measures involved installing air curtains at cultivation facility entrances and placing sticky traps and insect traps around entry points to block external entry and reduce internal insect density. Additionally, we applied an organic agricultural material, Dalmatian chrysanthemum extract, weekly alongside chemical control measures. To assess the reduction in mushroom fly populations, yellow sticky traps (15×25 cm) were placed at three locations within the mushroom cultivation facility, and the occurrence patterns before and after implementing preventive measures were compared. Compared to conventional practices, the application of preventive techniques resulted in a significant reduction, with a 60% decrease from 15 levels of mushroom flies/m² to 6 levels of mushroom flies/m² in May and a 40% decrease from 10 levels of mushroom flies/m² to 6 levels of mushroom flies/m² in June. While achieving over 50% efficacy during the peak mushroom fly season with preventive measures, we identified complementary actions such as blocking external sources (gaps in cultivation facility doors) and maintaining cleanliness around cultivation facilities (proper disposal of spent substrate) for further improvement. Comprehensive analysis and safety studies, including correlation analysis with contaminants and pathogens, are recommended to ensure the widespread adoption of mushroom fly preventive techniques for safe and stable mushroom production in the agricultural sector.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.203-211
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• 1981

Mechanization of rice transplanting operation is very important project not only to solve the labor shortage problem at the so-called labor demand peak seasons of the rice transplanting, but also to reduce the production cost of rice by reducing the labor requirements. For these reasons this study was carried out to find the basic data for encourage the project of mechanization of rice transplanting. 381 sample farms were surveyed with questionaries and interviewed with a considerable number of relative personels about the operation, selecting and ownership trend of the rice transplanter. Collected data was analized by computer of Chungnam National University computer center applied to frequencies, cross- tabulation, $x^2$-test. The analized results of this survey are summarized as follows; 1. About 76.09% of the farmers interviewed was individual ownership of rice transplanter but about 52.27% of the farmers who wanted to purchase it in 2 or 3 years supported the cooperative ownership and utilization. This fact suggested that cooperative system of village level should be thoroghly studied. 2. The 93.33% of respondents gave the answer that the yield of rice was not affected by the planting methods between machine and manual. 3. The farmers who had a rice transplanter owned 4- row type rice transplanter with mat type seedling but the 25% of the farmers wanted to purchase it in 2 or 3 years wanted to own a 4 row type rice transplanter with band type seedling. Therefore the introduction of the 4-row type rice transplanter with band type seedling to rural area should be considered again. 4. The percent of farmers who wanted the cooperative system of village level was 49.57-57.83% of the farmers who had it already and wanted to own it in near future. It was strengthened by this fact that seedling nursely work was technically supported by the governmental level.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.34-48
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• 1982

1. Production and consumption of chemical fertilizers in Korea could be divided into five different phases of total imports, setting up fertilizer plants, self-sufficiency in production, net export, and diversification in compound fertilizers. Currently the nation has production capacity of 800 thousand M/T of nitrogen, 400 thousand M/T of phosphate ($P_2O_5$) and 200 thousand M/T of potash ($K_2O$). 2. Yearly consumption increased every year, since 1964, 28,000 M/T N, 7,700 M/T $P_2O_5$, and 7,500 M/T $K_2O$ until 1972, when the increase jumped by eight times for $P_2O_5$ and seven times for $K_2O$ for the following 3 years in anticipation of their short supply. Now total consumption has been more or less stabilized at the level of 450 thousand M/T N, 220 thousand M/T $P_2O_5$ and 180 thousand M/T $K_2O$ for the last 7 years. 3. Current operation rate of fertilizer plants is around 80% throughout the whole industry, after going through several different levels depending on demand at times. 4. Fertilizer export started in 1967 and reached a peak of 150 thousand nutrient ton in 1972, about 20% of total production, before temporarily stopping due to over-demand for next three years. The export resumed again in 1976 rise to the all time high of 670 thousand nutrient ton in 1980, almost half of total production, and then started to decline due to higher price of petroleum since then. 5. The decline in fertilizer export appears to be accelerated because several countries, in South-Eastern Asia, traditional export market for Korean fertilizers, started to build their own plants, since 1980, based on their raw materials of especially petroleum. 6. Current consumption in Korea is about 30 nutrient Kg per 10a, equivalent to that in Western European countries, partly due to new high-yielding rice varieties and extensive cultivation of fruit trees and vegetables. Additional fertilizer demand in future can be anticipated in reclaimed land for growing grass and forestry.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.213-223
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• 2011

The status and changes of water quality of national fishing harbors and designated ports in East Coast of Korea were analyzed to support establishment effective water environmental management. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) concentration was satisfied to designated water quality criteria in most areas, but TN (Total Nitrogen) and TP (Total Phosphorus) exceeded the criteria frequently. Also, peak concentration was summer in COD and SS (Suspended Solid), but winter in TP. Eutrophication index of Ganggu and Pohang (old) area were the highest. Pollution index by function of COD, TN, and TP of Ganggu, Pohang, Jumunjin, and Guryongpo was high with gradual increasing recently, on the contrary, that of Samcheok, Imwon, and Chuksan was decreased. Pollution index involving multi-indictors relation to organics and inorganics was necessary for water quality assessment. Designated water quality criteria needed to be improved because the criteria of Jukbyun and Chuksan was applied more strictly compared to the other regions although without difference of environmental characteristics. Furthermore, the criteria notified lately needed to be related to management pollutants from land-based sources. The continuous diagnosis and monitoring on sediment quality within the study area were necessary for prevention of water pollution and eco-friendly disposal of dredged sediment. Especially, monitoring of Designated Ports was implemented partially, however monitoring ratio of National Fishing Har-bors was 7% to whole part. Therefore, systematic and integrated environmental monitoring for ports and harbors with charge of national management was reestablished by strengthening and securing a legal basis.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4 s.92
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• pp.374-379
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• 2000

To elucidate the degradation mechanisms of organic materials in Lake Paldang, oxygen consuming rates in the water column, high molecular weight (HMW) organic materials and aggregates were analyzed. Also the chlorophyll a concentrations and environmental factors were measured three times in 1999. The concentrations of chlorophyll a ranged $5.5{\sim}14.2\;mg/m^3$ with the highest peak of $57.7\;mg/m^3$ at the surface water in April. Chlorophyll a concentration of aggregates retrieved from traps in 5 m and 20 m depths in May were 2779.5, $9044.8\;mg/m^3$, respectively. Those vlaues were more than 6 times higher compared with other months, and more than 49 times higher than water column chlorophyll a. Oxygen consuming rates of water column were in the narrow range of $0.4{\sim}0.5\;mg\;O_2\;l^{-1}\;day^{-1}$. HMW organic materials were using only small amount of oxygen, $0.01{\sim}0.04\;mg\;O_2\;l^{-1}\;day^{-1}$. The aggregates retrieved from 5 m depth by sediment trap consumed the oxygen in the range of $0.48{\sim}0.69\;mg\;O_2\;l^{-1}\;day^{-1}$, while aggregates collected from 20 m depth, 0.88 to $1.04\;mg\;O_2\;l^{-1}\;day^{-1}$. With these results, the HMW appeared not to be degraded in the water column, instead they seemed to be concentrated and affected the sediment oxygen demand.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2018

The production scale of mushroom cultivation in Korea is approximately 600 billion won, which is 1.6% of the Korean gross agricultural output. Annually, ca. 190,000 tons of mushrooms are harvested in Korea. Although the numbers of mushroom farms and cultivators are constantly decreasing, the total mushroom yields are increasing due to the large-scale cultivation facilities and automation. The recent expansion of the well-being trend causes increase in mushroom consumption in Korea: annual per capita consumption of mushroom was 3.9kg ('13) that is a little higher than European's average. Thus the exports of mushrooms, mainly Flammulina velutipes and Pleurotus ostreatus, have been increased since the middle of 2000s. Recently, however, it is slightly reduced. However, Vietnam, Hong Kong, the United States, the Netherlands and continued to export, and the country has increased recently been exported to Australia, Canada, Southeast Asia and so on. Canned foods of Agaricus bisporus was the first exports of the Korean mushroom industry. This business has reached the peak of the sale in 1977-1978. As Korea initiated trade with China in 1980, the international prices of mushrooms were sharply fall that led to shrink the domestic markets. According to the high demand to develop new items to substitute for A. bisporus, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was received the attention since it seems to suit the taste of Korean consumers. Although log cultivation technique was developed in the early 1970s for oyster mushroom, this method requires a great deal of labor. Thus we developed shelf cultivation technique which is easier to manage and allows the mass production. In this technique, the growing shelf is manly made from fermented rice straw, that is the unique P. ostreatus medium in the world, was used only in South Korea. After then, the use of cotton wastes as an additional material of medium, the productivity. Currently it is developing a standard cultivation techniques and environmental control system that can stably produce mushrooms throughout the year. The increase of oyster mushroom production may activate the domestic market and contribute to the industrial development. In addition, oyster mushroom production technology has a role in forming the basis of the development of bottle cultivation. Developed mushroom cultivation technology using bottles made possible the mass production. In particular, bottle cultivation method using a liquid spawn can be an opportunity to export the F.velutipes and P.eryngii. In addition, the white varieties of F.velutipes were second developed in the world after Japan. We also developed the new A.bisporus cultivar "Sae-ah" that is easy to grown in Korea. To lead the mushroom industry, we will continue to develop the cultivars with an international competitive power and to improve the cultivation techniques. Mushroom research in Korea nowadays focuses on analysis of mushroom genetics in combination with development of new mushroom varieties, mushroom physiology and cultivation. Further studied are environmental factors for cultivation, disease control, development and utilization of mushroom substrate resources, post-harvest management and improvement of marketable traits. Finally, the RDA manages the collection, classification, identification and preservation of mushroom resources. To keep up with the increasing application of biotechnology in agricultural research the genome project of various mushrooms and the draft of the genetic map has just been completed. A broad range of future studies based on this project is anticipated. The mushroom industry in Korea continually grows and its productivity rapidly increases through the development of new mushrooms cultivars and automated plastic bottle cultivation. Consumption of medicinal mushrooms like Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus is also increasing strongly. Recently, business of edible and medicinal mushrooms was suffering under over-production and problems in distribution. Fortunately, expansion of the mushroom export helped ease the negative effects for the mushroom industry.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.481-492
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• 2019

The Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism has held "Travel Week" since 2014 to encourage the people to take a vacation and disperse the seasonal tourism demand that is concentrated in summer in Korea. As part of the program, the Korea National Park Service has also operated the participatory lowland exploration program that offers nature-themed attractions and enjoyment in national parks across the country during the "Travel Week" since 2018. The purpose of this study was to investigate the satisfaction with the program and intention to participate again of participants in the "National Park Spring Week Program" which is held in national parks during the "Travel Week." We conducted a self-report survey of 1,281 participants in the "2019 National Park Spring Week Program" held in 18 national parks across the country. The analysis of responses on the difference in the participants' satisfaction and intention to participate again according to the awareness in advance of the "2019 National Park Spring Week Program" showed that the average satisfaction and intentional to participate again of those who were aware of the program before visiting national parks were statistically significantly higher than those who were not. As for the type of national parks, those who participated in "maritime and coastal national parks" and "historical national parks" showed the statistically significantly higher satisfaction and intention to participate again than those who participated in "urban national parks." As for the type of the programs, those who participated in "cultural performance" and "exploration experience" showed the statistically significantly higher satisfaction than those who participated in "exhibition," "PR booth," and "campaign." Those who participated in "cultural performance" and "exploration experience" showed the statistically significantly higher intention to participate again than those who participated in "exhibition" and "PR booth." This study is expected to provide basic data for establishing a policy to improve exploration services in response to the increasing number of visitors to national parks in spring and fall as well as the peak season of summer.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.20-32
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• 1982

This survey was conducted to investigate the present status of farm tractor utilization for obtaining a basic reference to the establishment of the government's agricultural mechanization strategies. Thirty two counties from the eight provinces except Jeju were covered in this study. From these selected areas, 433 sample farms having farm tractor were taken to obtain the general informations by the enquete, and 93 sample farms among them to investigate the status of daily tractor use in the year of 1980. The analyzed results are summarized as follows: 1. Farm tractors owned by the rice-oriented farms holds 71.5 percent of the total number of tractors the livestock-oriented farms 17.0 percent, and the orchard-oriented farms 7.0 percent. Among the farm tractors 64.3 percent was a large size (46ps) and 35.7 percent a small size(19~23ps). 2. Most of the tractors surveyed were equipped with the essential attachments such as plow and rotavator. About 18 percent of the tractor owners had no trailer, which seemed too high considering the large percentage of tractor use for transportation. The availability of other attachments was very low except a grader on the rice-oriented farms and a hay harvester and a front loader on the livestock-oriented farms. 3. The average size of farm was 3.9 hectare for the rice-oriented farms, 13.9 hectare for the livestock-oriented farms and 7.4 hectare for the orchard-oriented farms. It was obious that the average farm size of was too small compared to the theoretical machine capacity of the tractors. 4. About 70 percent of the tractor operators were in the age of twenties and thirties. About 90 percent of them had an educational level of middle school graduate or above even though their technical level was very low. 5. Any particular problem in tractor use was not found in this survey. From the farmer's preference for purchasing a new tractor, however, it is estimated the demand on a 20-30ps tractor will be more increased. 6. The average annual use of tractor was of about 100 days or 400 hours. It appeared that the rice-oriented farms used most with 412.4 hours per year, and followed by the livestock-oriented farms with 403.6 hours, the orchard oriented farms with 377.7 hours. 7. Among the total hours of tractor use, 47.3 percent was for transportation, and 41.6 percent was for plowing and rotary tillage. The largest portion of the annual tractor use was taken by transportation on the livestock-oriented farms, by land preperation on the rice-oriented farms, and by loading and chemical spraying on the orchard-oriented farms. 8. The hours of tractor use had a peak in May. The hours of use for own farm was remarkably different among the different farm oriented, but there was no considerable difference between the too different sizes of tractor. 9. The hours of tractor use decreased as the age of the operator or the educational level increased. The reason might be that the operators who had a high educational level or were older had a tendency of disliking custom works. 10. The average custom use of tractor was 171.3 hours per year, and the ratio of custom work was 63.7 percent on the rice-oriented farms, 31.7 percent on the livestock-oriented farms and 22.4 percent on the orchard-oriented farms. Among the custom works, the most popular one was the grader leveling. 11. The charge on custom work was about 40,000 Won per hectare for plowing and rotary tillage, and it was the most expensive in the southeastern region, and next followed by the southwestern region. 12. The average plowing capacity of the small tractor was 7.8 hours per hectare in the paddy field, and that of the large tractors was 4.3 hours per hectare. The average rotary-tilling capacities of the small and the large tractors were 6.5 and 4.3 hours per hectare, in the paddy field respectively.