• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.412-415
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• 1998

The accumulation process of $Pb^{2＋}$ in an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae proved to be temperature-dependent, and was quite similar to chemical adsorption at the initial stage of $Pb^{2＋}$accumulation. The initial $Pb^{2＋}$ accumulation rate increased from 11.4 to 46.2 mg $Pb^{2＋}$/g cell dry weight/day, in response to the increased temperature from $20^{\circ}C\;to\;50^{\circ}C$ while the maximal $Pb^{2＋}$ accumulation amount (175.8 mg $Pb^{2＋}$/g cell dry weight) was achieved at $30^{\circ}C$. The maximal $Pb^{2＋}$/ accumulation amount with temperature was independent of ion exchange with $K^＋\;and\;Mg^{2+}$.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.315-327
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• 2007

동해 울릉분지 퇴적물에서 오염 기원 Pb의 근원지 및 이동 경로를 추정하기 위하여 2005년 4개의 박스형 시추퇴적물(30cm 길이)을 채취하였고 연대별 Pb 농도 및 Pb 동위원소 비율을 MC ICP/MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구지역에서 1M HCl 용출 부분의 Pb 농도 및 동위원소 비율($^{207}Pb/^{206}Pb$ 과 $^{208}Pb/^{206}Pb$)은 1930년 전 약 300년 동안 거의 일정한 값을 보였으나 그 후로는 현재까지 지속적으로 증가하여 농도가 거의 2배 수준, 동위원소 비율은 3.41% 및 1.70% 증가한 값을 보였고 잔류 부분의 Pb 농도는 지난 400년 동안 거의 유사하였다. 오염 Pb의 축적률은 심해분지해역에서 1990년대 이후 $3.1-3.5mg/m^2/yr$ 범위로 대기로부터의 총 강하량과 유사하였고 대륙사면에서는 퇴적물 축적률에 비례하는 정도 이상으로의 급격한 증가를 보였다. 오염 기원 Pb의 축적률과 동위원소 비율의 시 공간적인 변화 그리고 오염 기원 Pb의 동위원소 비율과 가능한 오염원 물질의 동위원소 비율의 비교를 통하여 울릉분지에 축적되는 오염 기원 Pb의 근원지와 이동 경로를 설명할 수 있었다. 즉, 1930년대부터 중국 및 한국의 석탄 연소에 의해 오염 Pb의 축적이 이루어졌으며 여기에 유연 휘발류 사용으로 1990년대 초반까지 대기로부터의 강하량이 증가하여 오염 Pb 축적률이 계속 증가하였으며 수입 광상(호주 Broken Hill)의 비율 또한 점차 증가하였다. 1990년대 이후에는 한국 및 중국의 유연 휘발류 사용 금지 및 중국의 석탄 사용 급증에 의해 심해분지 해역에서는 그 이전과 매우 유사한 오염 Pb의 축적률을 보였으나, 대륙사면 해역에서는 1990년대 이후부터 급증한 국지적 오염원의 영향으로 급격한 오염 Pb 축적이 이루어지고 있었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.142-148
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• 1997

중금속오염폐수처리에의 미생물 이용 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 중금속에 강한 내성을 지님과 동시에 균체내 중금속 축적능력이 우수한 중금속 내성균을 분리하여 competing ion, 대사저해제 등과 같은 외부 요인에 따른 균체내 중금속 축적변화를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 중금속을 처리한 용액중 양이온인 $Al^{3+}$이온과 음이온인 $CO_3\;^{2-}$ 및 $PO_4\;^{2-}$이온이 competing ion으로 존재할 경우 중금속 내성균의 균체내 중금속 축적은 크게 감소되었으나, 그외 다른 양이온들과 음이온들에 대해서는 거의 영향을 받지 않았다. Cd, Zn 및 Cu 내성균주의 Cd, Zn 및 Cu 축적은 대사저해제에 의하여 크게 감소되었으나, Pb 내성균주에 의한 Pb 축적은 거의 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타나 Cd, Zn 및 Cu 내성균주의 Cd, Zn 및 Cu 축적은 에너지 의존적인 과정으로서 물질대사와 관련되어 있는 것으로 생각되었으며, Pb 내성균주의 Pb 축적은 에너지 비의존적인 과정으로서 물질대사와 관련이 별로 없는 물리적인 과정에 의하여 축적되는 것으로 생각되었다. 각 중금속 내성균주들은 해당 중금속 축적능력에 비하여 낮았으나 타 중금속들의 축적능력도 있었으며, 여러가지 중금속들을 동일 농도로 복합처리 하였을 경우 해당 중금속들의 축적능력이 타 중금속들에 비하여 매우 높게 나타나 각 중금속 내성균주들의 해당 중금속 축적은 선택적인 과정에 의하여 축적되는 것으로 생각되었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.743-757
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• 1993

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary Fe and Cu levels on Pb accumulation of Pb poisoned rats. 80 male Sprague weaning Dawley rate weighing 80-90g were divided into 8 groups(Pb groups: LFLCPb-low Fe, low Cu and Pb group, LFACPB-low Fe, adequate Cu and Pb group, AFLCPb-adequate Fe, low Cu and Pb group, AFACPb-adequate Fe, adequate Cu and Pb group, without Pb gorups: LFLC-low Fe, low Cu and without Pb grooup, LFAC-low Fe, adequate Cu and without Pb group, AFLC-adequate Fe, low Cu and without Pb group, AFAC-adequate Fe, adequate Cu and without Pb group) according to Pb administration (0, 500ppm in drinking water) and Fe and Cu levels(Fe :6ppm, 40ppm, Cu : 0.5ppm, 0.8ppm) for 12 weeks. The food intake, body weight, gain, and FER of Pb groups were significantly lower than those of without Pb groups(p<0.01, p<0.001, p<0.001). The weights of liver in Pb groups were significantly lower than that of adequate Fe and Cu group in without Pb group(AFAC) (p<0.001). The Cu contents of liver in Pb groups were significantly lower than that of AFAC (p<0.01). The liver Pb accumulation of LFLCPb was significantly higher than those of LFACPb, AFLCPb, AFACPb(p<0.05). The serum Pb content of LFLCPb was significantly higher than those of LFACPb, AFLCPb, AFACPb(p<0.05). The levels of Hb, and Hct, of 12 weeks in Pb poisoned rats were lower than those of 8 weeks, in other words, long term Pb poisoned rats were affected more serious on hematoopoiesis. The fecal excretions of Fe and Cu in Pb groups were significantly higher than those of without Pb groups(p<0.001, p<0.001). The urinary Fe and Cu excretions were significantly higher than those of AFAC(p<0.001, p<0.001). There were significant differences between Pb groups and without Pb groups according to dietary Fe and Cu levels. So, dietary levels of adequate Fe and Cu were effective to reduce Pb accumulation in rats. It were showed that the decrease of food intake, FER, body weight gain, serum level of Fe and Cu in Pb groups than those of without Pb groups. And the increase of liver Pb accumulation, serum Pb levels, fecal and urinary Fe and Cu excretions were showed in Pb groups than those of without Pb groups by long term lead poisoning. Otherwise, adequate Fe and Cu administrations in Pb groups have preventive effects on the Pb poisoned rats.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.139-148
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• 2016

The activity concentrations of $^{210}Po$ and $^{210}Pb$ within phytoplankton-zooplankton-anchovy-mackerel in the coastal water of the Jeju Island were determined to understand their distribution and bio-accumulation along the trophic level. In the surface water, the total activity concentrations of $^{210}Po$ and $^{210}Pb$ were $0.83{\pm}0.004mBq\;kg^{-1}$ and $1.27{\pm}0.03mBq\;kg^{-1}$. And the dissolved activity concentration of $^{210}Po$ and $^{210}Pb$ were $0.75{\pm}0.06mBq\;kg^{-1}$ and $1.22{\pm}0.09mBq\;kg^{-1}$ respectively. In the phytoplankton, the concentration factor (CF) of $^{210}Po$ and $^{210}Pb$ were $1.5{\times}10^5$ and $2.6{\times}10^4$ shows $^{210}Po$ is 5 times higher compared to $^{210}Pb$. The similar CF factor in the zooplankton of $^{210}Po$ was derived as $1.4{\times}10^5$. The CF of $^{210}Po$ in anchovy was increased twice compared to that in plankton. This is the evidence that there is $^{210}Po$ bio-magnification in the trophic level of plankton-anchovy. However the $^{210}Po$ activity concentration in the muscle tissue of mackerel was one-hundred times lower than that in anchovy. This reflects that in the trophic level of anchovy-mackerel, the bio-accumulation of $^{210}Po$ is decreased. The activity concentrations of $^{210}Po$ in the internal organs of anchovy and mackerel were 8 to 38 times higher than those in muscle tissues. In phytoplankton-zooplankton-anchovy, the CF of $^{210}Pb$ was decreased five times along the trophic level in order. In anchovy-mackerel it was decreased by 30-70%.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of dietary lead (Pb) supplementation and feeding period on growth performance, organ weight, and Pb accumulation in pigs. Methods: In a 56-day feeding experiment, a total of 48 barrows with initial body weight 10.4±0.6 kg were allotted to 2 dietary treatments (0 and 200 mg/kg of supplemental Pb) in a completely randomized design with 6 replicates. Body weight and feed intake were recorded to calculate growth performance. At the end of each 14 day-period (on days 14, 28, 42, and 56), an animal was randomly selected from each pen and slaughtered to collect blood samples, hair samples, left 5th rib, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, and longissimus dorsi muscle samples. Results: Average daily gain and average daily feed intake were reduced (p<0.05) by supplemental Pb during the day 42 to 56. Relative kidney weight to body weight was linearly increased with increasing feeding period in pigs fed the Pb-supplemented diet, but not in pigs fed the control diet (p<0.05). The Pb concentrations in hair, left 5th rib, kidneys, and lungs were linearly increased with longer feeding period in pigs fed the Pb-supplemented diet, but not in pigs fed the control diet (p<0.01). Conclusion: Dietary Pb supplementation caused growth retardation and Pb accumulation in most organs, particularly in hair, bone, and kidneys in a time-dependent manner.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.179-186
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• 1998

Effects of lead(Pb) and calcium(Ca) on growth responses, accumulation of heavy metals and nitrogen fixation activities of Melilotus suaveolens seedlings were quantitatively analyzed during growing period. Pb contents of the root treated with 30, 100 ppm Pb and 100 ppm Pb added 100 ppm Ca were 54.1, 90.9 and 26.1 folds higher than that of the control, respectively, at pH 4.2 in 28th days, and heavy metal content of plant increased with increasing of pH and Pb concentration. The melilot plant was classified as a Pb accumulator by higher accumulation of Pb in shoot than that of root. Pb treatments resulted in inhibiton of height and chlorophyll contet, and Ca treatment increased height and chlorophyll content insignificantly at pH 4.2 in 28 days. The plant biomass reduced 49, 60 and 54% at pH 4.2 and 47,53 and 50% at pH 6.5, respectively, by 30, 100 ppm Pb and 100 ppm Pb added 100 ppm Ca treatment. Specific nitrogen fixation of nodules reduced 68.4% and 46.6% by 100 ppm Pb treatment and 3.7% and 24.9% by 100 ppm Pb added 100 ppm Ca at pH 4.2 and pH 6.5, respectively, so Ca inhibited significantly Pb activity and toxicity in acdic pH. Nodule formation were reduced to 33, 33 and 50% at pH 4.2 and 50, 33 and 38% at pH 6.5 by 30, 100 ppm Pb and 100 ppm Pb added 100 ppm Ca, respectively.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.331-337
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• 2000

The variation of microorganisms (activated slude, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aureobasidium pullulans) caused by the biosorption of $Pb^{2+}$ was observed by TEM and microscope. By the TEM observation of S. cerevisiae, the plasmolysis and lysis of cell wall or cell membrane were occurred by the penetration of $Pb^{2+}$ into the inner cellular region. However, in the case of A. pullulans, the plasmolysis and lysis of cell wall or cell membrane were not occurred because of the prevention of $Pb^{2+}$ penetration by the extracelluar polymeric substances (EPS). A flocculation of microorganisms, in the case of A. pullulans, was observed by the $Pb^{2+}$ accumulation after 3~4 h and the color was changed from white to black after 1 day. The flocculation of activated sludge was improved by the accumulation $Pb^{2+}$ after 1 h, however, the floc was broken up and the settling efficiency decreased after 1 day.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2004

Mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, was transplanted reciprocally between contaminated site (St. STP) and relatively less contaminated site (St. UB) in Onsan Bay, Korea in order to estimate heavy metal accumulation and release. Transplanted and indigenous mussels were collected 8 times over 108 days deployment at both sites and analyzed for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn using ICP/MS. Cu and Zn concentration did not show any significant differences between transplanted and indigenous mussels throughout the experiment period, although dissolved Cu and Zn concentrations in seawater were significantly higher at contaminated site. Pb accumulated rapidly, while Cd did not show any accumulation in the mussels transplanted from St. UB to St. STP. These accumulation patterns might reflect the variation of dissolved metal concentration; dissolved Pb concentration was significantly higher in St. STP than St. UB, while dissolved Cd concentration was similar between both sites throughout this experiment. Release of Cd and Pb in the mussels transplanted from St. STP to St. UB was not significant during the transplantation period. The levels and variation of Pb and Cd concentrations in mussels transplanted from St. STP to St. UB were similar to those in the indigenous mussels at St. STP throughout the period. Therefore, Cd and Pb accumulated in indigenous mussels may indicate the integrated metals throughout their lives, not responding to the present status of seawater because the release of accumulated metals in mussels occurs very slowly when the seawater metal levels are lowered. On the other hand, since the transplanted mussels can respond immediately to the levels of metals in seawater, it may be suggested that the present status of heavy metals in seawater can be only acquired from the metal levels of mussels transplanted from clean environments.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제90권4호
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• pp.495-504
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• 2001

본 연구는 포플러 4개 수종의 체내 부위별 Cd과 Pb 축적 특성을 이해하고, 균근 형성이 중금속 흡수에 미치는 영향을 밝히고자 수행하였다. 외생균근균인 모래밭버섯균(Pisolithus tinctorius)을 현사시나무(Populus alba${\times}$glandulosa), 수원포플러(P. koreana${\times}$nigra var. italica), 양황철(P. nigra${\times}$maximowiczii), 이태리포플러(P. euramericana)의 삽수에 접종하여 화분에서 생장시켰다. 화분은 균근균 접종구와 비접종구로 구분하였으며, Cd은 토양에 0, 30, 80ppm으로, 그리고 Pb은 0, 50, 300ppm으로 처리하였다. 가을까지 야외에서 생육시킨 다음, 수확 후 총 생체량, Shoot/Root율, Cd과 Pb의 농도를 부위별로 측정하였다. 모래밭버섯균을 접종한 이태리포플러는 Cd과 Pb 처리 모두에서 비접종구보다 총 생체량이 증가하였으나, 나머지 세 수종에서는 접종 효과가 없었다. 균근균 접종으로 수원포플러와 이태리포플러의 S/R율은 증가하였다. 현사시나무는 포플러 4개 수종 중 Cd을 가장 높은 농도로 축적하였으며, 균근균 접종은 Cd 축적 농도를 4배정도 증가시켰다. 현사시나무는 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 중에서 잎에 가장 높은 농도로 Cd을 축적한 반면 다른 세 수종은 뿌리에 가장 높은 농도로 축적하였다. 그러나 Pb 축적 농도는 4개 수종 중에서 현사시나무가 가장 낮았다. Pb의 축적은 포플러 4개 수종모두뿌리에서 가장 높았으나 수원포플러는 잎에도 뿌리만큼 축적하였다. 균근균을 접종하지 않은 경우 Pb의 축적은 이태리포플러에서 가장 높았으나, 균근균을 접종할 경우 수원포플러에서 Pb 축적이 2배 이상 증가하였다. 결론적으로 현사시나무는 토양으로부터 Cd을 흡수하는데 효과적인 수종이며 이태리포플러는 Pb을 효과적으로 흡수한다. 균근균을 접종하면 현사시나무의 경우 Cd을 4배, 수원포플러의 경우 Pb을 2배 이상 더 흡수할 수 있고, 이 두 수종은 잎에 중금속을 축적하므로, 낙엽을 수거한다면 중금속 오염 토양의 생물 정화용으로 이용이 가능하다고 결론 짓는다.