• Acta Via Serica
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.161-180
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• 2018

Pax Sinica is a historiographical term, modeled after the original phrase Pax Romana. It refers, in Latin, to a Chinese-provided peace which in turn is used to describe an era of peace in East Asia sustained by Chinese hegemony. In historical terms, both the Pax Sinica of the Eastern hemisphere through Han China and the Pax Romana of the Western hemisphere through Rome signified a trans-regional order based on rules and regulations. This orderly world of the Pax Sinica generated a number of positive results such as the intensification of travel, ever-expanding trade relations, an increase in the overall living standards of the populace, the proliferation of cities, and a demographic upsurge in Eurasia along the ancient Silk Road. During this period, China was the dominant civilization not only in the Eastern hemisphere but also in the Middle hemisphere due to its political, economic, military and cultural influence. This paper aims to reintroduce this historiographical term to elucidate the recent Chinese initiatives in Eurasia along the Silk Road to facilitate the integration and connectivity of the continent.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.891-894
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• 2014

This study is aimed to investigate the role of paired boxed gene 1 (PAX1) methylation analysis by methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) in the detection of high grade lesions in atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) and compared its performance with the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) human papillomavirus (HPV) test. In our study, 130 cases with a diagnosis of ASC-H from the cervical cytological screening by Thinprep cytologic test (TCT) technique were selected for triage. Their cervical scrapings were collected and evaluated by using PAX1 methylation analysis (MS-HRM) and high-risk HPV DNA test (HC2), followed by colposcopy and cervical biopsy. Chi-square test were used to test the differences of PAX1 methylation or HPV infection between groups. In the detection of CIN2+, the sensitivity, specificity, the PPV, NPV and the accuracy of PAX1 MS-HRM assay and high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) tests were respectively 80.6% vs 67.7%, 94.9% vs 54.5%, 83.3%, vs 31.8%, 94.0% vs 84.4%, and 91.5% vs 57.7%. The PAX1 MS-HRM assay proved superior to HR-HPV testing in the detection of high grade lesions (CIN2+) in ASC-H. This approach could screen out the majority of high grade lesion cases of ASC-H, and thus could reduce the referral rate to colposcopy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5843-5846
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• 2015

Background: Detection of cervical high grade lesions in patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) is still a challenge. Our study tested the efficacy of the paired boxed gene 1 (PAX1) methylation analysis by methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) in the detection of high grade lesions in ASCUS and compared performance with the hybrid capture 2 (HC2) human papillomavirus (HPV) test. Materials and Methods: A total of 463 consecutive ASCUS women from primary screening were selected. Their cervical scrapings were collected and assessed by PAX1 methylation analysis (MS-HRM) and high-risk HPV-DNA test (HC2). All patients with ASCUS were admitted to colposcopy and cervical biopsies. The Chisquare test was used to test the differences of PAX1 methylation or HPV infection between groups. Results: The specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy for detecting CIN2 + lesions were: 95.6%, 82.4%, and 94.6%, respectively, for the PAX1 MS-HRM test; and 59.7%, 64.7%, and 60.0% for the HC2 HPV test. Conclusions: The PAX1 methylation analysis by MS-HRM demonstrated a better performance than the high-risk HPV-DNA test for the detection of high grade lesions (CIN2 +) in ASCUS cases. This approach could screen out the majority of low grade cases of ASCUS, and thus reduce the referral rate to colposcopy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1037-1043
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• 2016

Epigenetic processes in the development of skeletal muscle have been appreciated for over a decade. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification important for regulating gene expression and suppressing spurious transcription. Up to now, the importance of epigenetic marks in the regulation of Pax7 and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) expression is far less explored. In the present study, semi-quantitative the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses showed MyoD and Myf5 were expressed in activated and quiescent C2C12 cells. MyoG was expressed in a later stage of myogenesis. Pax7 was weakly expressed in differentiated C2C12 cells. To further understand the regulation of expression of these genes, the DNA methylation status of Pax7, MyoD, and Myf5 was determined by bisulfite sequencing PCR. During the C2C12 myoblasts fusion process, the changes of promoter and exon 1 methylation of Pax7, MyoD, and Myf5 genes were observed. In addition, an inverse relationship of low methylation and high expression was found. These results suggest that DNA methylation may be an important mechanism regulating Pax7 and MRFs transcription in cell myogenic differentiation.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.94-96
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• 2010

Integrating various pathway data collections to create new biological knowledge is a challenge, for which novel computational tools play a key role. For this purpose, we developed the Java-based conversion modules KGML2SBML and KGML2BioPAX to translate KGML (KEGG Markup Language) into a couple of common data exchange formats: SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language) and BioPAX (Biological Pathway Exchange). We hope that our work will be beneficial for other Java developers when they extend their bioinformatics system into SBML- or BioPAX-aware analysis tools. This is part of our ongoing effort to develop an ultimate KEGG-based pathway enrichment analysis system.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.942-952
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• 2022

To establish a pre-plating method of chicken satellite cells with high purity, pre-plating was performed under culture conditions of 37℃ and 41℃, and the pre-plating time was set from a total of 3 hours to 6 hours in consideration of the cell attachment time. The purity of the cells was confirmed by staining paired box protein 7 (Pax7) after proliferation, and Pax7 expression was the highest in culture flasks shaken for 2 hours after incubation at 41℃ for 2 hours to prevent the attachment of satellite cells (p<0.05). Also, when pre-plating and proliferation were performed at 37℃ and 41℃, the Pax7 expression rate was higher at 41℃. The differentiation capabilities of the three groups (T3, T6, and T7) with high Pax7 expression were compared and the fusion index (%) and myotube formation area (%) determined by myosin heavy chain (MHC) staining was calculated. The T6 and T7 groups, which were cultured at 41℃, showed significantly higher values than the T3 group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the expression of Pax7 and MHC between the T6 and T7 groups (p>0.05). These results suggest that pre-plating at 41℃ for a total of 4 hours was the most efficient in terms of cost and time for purifying chicken satellite cells for cultured meat.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to identify the causative genetic mutation in a family with non-syndromic oligodontia. The 7-year-old female proband and her mother underwent oral examination, panoramic radiographs were obtained and blood samples were collected. All exons of the PAX9 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The sequencing results were compared with the standard human gene sequence. The proband lacked 11 permanent teeth, and her mother lacked 19 permanent teeth. No other birth defects were observed. As a result of gene analysis, there was a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation (c.184G>T, $p.Glu62^*$) in exon 2 in both affected subjects. It is suspected that the nonsense mutation leads premature termination of translation, yields a truncated protein 280 amino acids shorter than the wild-type protein. These defects include parts of the paired box domain, a DNA-binding site that plays an essential role in protein function. Otherwise, more likely the mutant transcript would be degraded by nonsense-mediated decay system, resulting haploinsufficiency to cause oligodontia in this family.

• Strategy21
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• s.36
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• pp.59-93
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• 2015

A Paradigm shift is in process in China's foreign policies during Xi Jinping's era. Such changes occur with changing national identities from developing country to great power, and from continental power to continental-maritime power. China's pursuit for sea power embraces its global strategy. Accommodating the new identity of maritime power, China is developing its maritime strategy. New silk-road strategy actively utilizes China's advantage in economy, while avoiding direct military challenges against the U.S. China seeks an associated balance of power with the U.S. On the other hand, China make its determination clear to protect its core national interests, particularly Taiwan straits issue, deploying Anti-Access and Area-Denial strategy. 'Pax-Americana 3.0' and 'China's rise 2.0' have convoluted and evolved in complexity. South Korea faces much tougher challenges ahead in its foreign and security environments.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.541-549
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• 2015

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC) with higher metastatic rate and both local and systemic recurrence compared to non-TNBC. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to oxidative stress is associated with DNA damage, chromosomal degradation and alterations of both hypermethylation and hypomethylation of DNA. This study concerns differential methylation of promoter regions in specific groups of genes in TNBC and non-TNBC Saudi females in an effort to understand whether epigenetic events might be involved in breast carcinogenesis, and whether they might be used as markers for Saudi BCs. Methylation of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), T-cadherin (CDH13), Paired box protein 5 (PAX5), death associated protein kinase (DAPK), twist-related protein (TWIST), DNA-binding protein inhibitor (ID4), High In Normal-1 (HIN-1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16), cyclin D2 and retinoic acid receptor-${\beta}$ ($RAR{\beta}1$) genes was analyzed by methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in 200 archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded BC tissues divided into 3 groups; benign breast tissues (20), TNBC (80) and non-TNBC (100). The relationships between methylation status, and clinical and pathological characteristics of patients and tumors were assessed. Higher frequencies of GSTP1, ID4, TWIST, DAPK, PAX5 and HIN-1 hypermethylation were found in TNBC than in non-TNBC. Hypermethylation of GSTP1, CDH13, ID4, DAPK, HIN-1 and PAX5 increased with tumor grade increasing. Other statistically significant correlations were identified with studied genes. Data from this study suggest that increased hypermethylation of GSTP1, ID4, TWIST, DAPK, PAX5 and HIN-1 genes in TNBC than in non-TNBC can act as useful biomarker for BCs in the Saudi population. The higher frequency of specific hypermethylated genes paralleling tumor grade, size and lymph node involvement suggests contributions to breast cancer initiation and progression.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.171-174
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• 2014

A new species, Pseudostellaria baekdusanensis M. Kim (Caryophyllaceae), has been named and described from Mt. Baekdu of the Korean peninsula. Pseudostellaria baekdusanensis shares several characteristics (same size leaves, axillary or terminal flowers, emaginate petals, etc.) with its related species P. japonica (Korshinsky) Pax. It is, however, distinct from P. japonica which have large plant (25-35 cm), leaf blade margins and midveins with long hairs, shallow emaginate petal apex, (2) 3 styles, and cleistogamic flowers by having small plants (9-13 cm), leaf blade basal margins with long hairs, deep emaginate petal apex, 2 styles, and non-cleistogamic flowers.