• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.696-702
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• 2014

This study was conducted to provide resonable price of timber that come out from certified forests for sustainable forest management. To accomplish this study objectives, we analyzed compound interest method, willingness to pay (WTP) and price sensitivity measurement (PSM) when buying certified pulp. In case of compound interest method, we used prime cost by average price per ha of each area (Hongcheon, Inje, Shinnam) and unit price that add up the pulp price and investment costs. Interest rate reflects 2 to 6% and investment period apply to 5 years. WTP and PSM data were collected from questionnaire survey. As a result, if apply to interest rate of 2% and investment period of 3 years, result values are quite similar to WTP of 5% and optimal pricing point of PSM. That also showed similar pattern in each area.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.137-144
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• 2009

This paper predicts 6 facial regions that may have sharply different scattering properties, rendering the face more realistically based on their diffusion profiles. The scattering properties are acquired in the form of high dynamic range by photographing the pattern formed around an unit ray incident on facial skin. The acquired data are fitted to a 'linear combination of Gaussian functions', which well approximates the original diffusion profile of skin and has good characteristics as the filter. During the process, to prevent its solutions from converging into local minima, we take advantage of the genetic algorithm to set up the initial value. Each Gaussian term is applied to the irradiance map as a filter, expressing subsurface scattering effect. In this paper, to efficiently handle the maximum 12 Gaussian filterings, we make use of the parallel capacity of CUDA.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.171-182
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the effect of kangaroo care on body weight, physiological responses and behavioral states in premature infants. The subjects were 32 premature infants, fifteen for the kangaroo care group and seventeen for the control group, who hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit at a university-affiliated hospital. The kangaroo care was applied 8 times during the twenty five days with 40 minutes for each session. The kangaroo care provides the skin-to-skin contact during which a premature infant wearing a diaper and a hat is placed on its mother's chest. As for the measures, body weight was measured everyday. The levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and 17-OHCS were measured twice, before beginning the first intervention and after finishing the last intervention. While each session of the care is undergoing, such physiological responses were measured periodically as heart rate, respiration rate, oxygen saturation, core temperature and skin temperature. The results were as follows : 1. The weight gain was significantly greater in the kangaroo care group than that in the control group during the period of performing the kangaroo care. 2. No significant difference was revealed between the two groups in heart rate, respiration rate, oxygen saturation and core temperature. The kangaroo care group also showed significant increases in the skin temperature. 3. The differences in the levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and 17-OHCS were not significant between the kangaroo care and the control groups. The level of norepinephrine in the two groups was significantly increased over time. 4. Sleep pattern changed significantly in the kangaroo group from a very restless sleep to a very quiet sleep. These results suggest that kangaroo care is an effective nursing intervention for premature infants in gaining weight, achieving stable physiological responses and facilitating a quiet sleep.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.53-71
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• 2015

Geographical travel(Geotravel) is new theme tourism based on geographical fieldwork. Geotravel is an emotional journey to explore physical and human landscapes, and is also a comprehensive environmental one beyond the scope of historical tourism. Geotravel provides an optimized regional content and programs for experiential tourism of the family. Taking advantage of geographical characteristics as spatial tourism, the geotravel methodology in catchment unit is strongly recommended. The geotravel content has to be developed in convergence standpoint. The integrated key words of geotravel are human and water. Geotravel is a pattern of specialized edutainment tourism for the public and elementary, secondary school students as well. The development of geographical travel courses is necessary for the popularization of geotravel. Mobile apps will be the medium that delivers easy geographical travel information. And geotravel curator has to be raised quickly for the generalized easy and interesting geotravel.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.46-56
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• 1991

In this paper, 16word X 8bit Content Addressable and Reentrant Memory(CARM) is described. This device has 4 operation modes(read, write, match, reentrant). The read and write operation of CARM is like that of static RAM, CARM has the reentrant mode operation where the on chip garbage collection is accomplished conditionally. Thus function can be used for high speed matching unit of dynamic data flow computer. And CARM also can encode matching address sequentially according to therir priority. CARM consists of 8 blocks(CAM cell, Sequential Address Encoder(S.A.E). Reentrant operation. Read/Write control circuit, Data/Mask Register, Sense Amplifier, Encoder. Decoder). Designed DARM can be used in data flow computer, pattern, inspection, table look-up, image processing. The simulation is performed using the QUICKSIM logic simulator and Pspice circuit simulator. Having hierarchical structure, the layout was done using the 3{\;}\mu\textrm{m} n well CMOS technology of the ETRI design rule.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 2009

High-rise and high-density apartment complexes have been built and supplied on a large scale in the 1st period New Town of metropolitan areas since the late 1980s. Recently it has become necessary to improve those apartment complexes which have blight problems for aging more than about 20 years accompanying simultaneity and a large scale. The purpose of this study is to analyze actual conditions of high-rise and high-density apartments in a view of sustainable regeneration. The contents and methods of this study are as follows. First, the concept of high-rise and high-density in domestic apartment developments were identified through review of literature and the law. Second, development conditions of Bundang new town and 1st period new town were studied. Third, the evelopment conditions of high-rise and high-density apartments in cases of 6 apartment complexes were analyzed from points of view of sustainable development by literature review and a field study. The results of this study are as follows. First, high-density range in domestic apartments can be conceptualized as 600 persons/ha. High-rise range in domestic apartments can be onceptualized as more than 11 stories under 30 stories. Second, characteristics and subjects based on actual conditions analysis could suggest on physio-environmental aspect and socio-economic aspect. Major characteristics and subjects of the physio-environmental aspect were 1.satisfaction of convenient facilities and public transportation service, 2.shortage of parking space, 3.uniform & blight of community facilities, 4.uniformed building layout, and 5.uniform pattern of unit plan and low flexibility by the bearing wall structure. And those of the socio-economical aspect were 1.satisfaction of current community, 2.increase and diversity of needs of the elderly by socio-demography change, 3.improvement of size and method of apartment complex development and 4.raising of economic-sufficiency.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.177-188
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• 2012

We analyzed crown development in Aucuba japonica Thunb. var. japonica resulting from the responses of phytoelements to habitat light conditions over a long period of time. Over the years, the degree of extension unit (EU) dimorphism and the degree of anisophylly were higher under shaded conditions than in brighter conditions. An overall temporally increasing pattern in the degree of EU dimorphism was found while no clear-cut trend was found in the case of anisophylly. EU length and number of leaves per EU co-varied in a spatio-temporal context. The number of terminal buds and their sizes acted as the key initiators of morphological differences of phytoelements which were further amplified following bud break. Leaf area density was displayed mostly in the apex peripheral layer of the crown and the apex layer received most of the incident light. There was a tradeoff between annual leaf production and mean leaf size. Depending on the heterogeneity of irradiance level within a crown, correlative growth inhibition caused higher EU mortality at brighter sites. Due to high mortality, shorter EUs had a mere role in the construction of structural framework of the crown except for the formation of some gaps. There was a strong convergence of EU dimorphism, anisophylly, EU extension growth and variations in leaf size towards formation of functional crown to reduce potential self-shading. Depending on the irradiance level, Aucuba japonica Thunb. var. japonica showed two different modes of crown expansion. At the brighter sites, individual crown expansion was progressive while at the darker sites, individual crown expanded in a diminishing manner and maintained a stable size. A plant's "growth diminishing phase" appeared earlier at shaded sites than brighter sites.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.412-424
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• 2004

Statement of problem: Several prosthetic options are available for the restoration of multiple adjacent implants. A passively fitting prosthesis has been considered a prerequisite for the success and maintenance of osseointegration. Passivity is a particular concern with multiple implants because of documented inaccuracies in the casting and soldering process. One way to avoid this problem is to restore the implants individually, however, the restorations of individual adjacent impants requires careful adjustment of interproximal contacts. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the stress distribution pattern and amount surrounding Bicon implants with individual crowns and splinted restorations. Material and method: A photoelastic model of a human partially edentulous left mandible with 3 Bicon implants($4{\times}11mm$) was fabricated. For non-splinted restorations, individual crowns were fabricated on 3 abutments ($4{\times}0.65mm,\;0^{\circ}$, 2.0 mm post, Bicon Inc., Boston, USA) After the units were cemented, 4 levels of interproximal contact tightness were evaluated: open, ideal ($8{\mu}m$ shim stock drags without tearing), medium($40{\mu}m)$), and heavy($80{\mu}m$). Splinted 3-unit fixed partial dentures were fabricated and cemented to the model. Changes in stress distribution under simulated non-loaded and loaded conditions(7.5, 15, 30 lb) were analyzed with a circular polaricope. Results: 1. Stresses were distributed around the entire body of fin in Bicon implants. 2. Splinted restorations were useful for distribution of stress around implants especially with higher loads. 3. By increasing the contact tightness between the individually restored three implants, the stress increased in the coronal portion of implants. Conclusions: Ideal adjustment of the contact tightness was important to reduce the stresses around individually restored Bicon implants.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3851-3855
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• 2012

Introduction: The worldwide incidence of breast cancer has increased rapidly in recent years. The scenario of Eastern India is also showing the same trend. It is necessary to study the utility of HER-2/neu as a prognostic factor in breast cancer survival. However, there have not been detailed studies in this respect with the breast cancer patients of Eastern India. Thus this study was conducted. Materials and Methods: In this hospital-based study 86 breast cancer patients attending a breast clinic of a reputed institute of Eastern India and having invasive ductal carcinomas were observed for a period of 5 years after surgery. Associations between 5 years observed survival and status of ER, PR and HER-2/neu of the patients were critically evaluated. Results: There was statistically significant association between survival pattern for 5 years and the HER-2/neu status (p=0.00001). Better survival was observed for the patients with HER-2/neu negative tumors 67(100%) compared to HER-2/neu positive tumors 7(36.8%). Conclusions: There is strong interaction between survival and HER-2/neu expression of breast cancer patients. Thus the patients with HER-2/neu positive tumors need to be treated aggressively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1863-1869
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• 2014

The amplification of telomerase component (TERC) gene could play an important role in generation and treatment of haematological malignancies. This present study was aimed to investigate copy number amplification status of TERC gene in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients who were being treated with imatinib mesylate (IM). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of CML-IM Resistant (n=63), CML-IM Respond (n=63) and healthy individuals (n=30). TERC gene copy number predicted (CNP) and copy number calculated (CNC) were determined based on $Taqman^{(R)}$ Copy Number Assay. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed to confirm the normal signal pattern in C4 (calibrator) for TERC gene. Nine of CML patients showed TERC gene amplification (CNP=3), others had 2 CNP. A total of 17 CML patients expressed CNC>2.31 and the rest had 2.31>CNC>1.5. TERC gene CNP value in healthy individuals was 2 and their CNC value showed in range 1.59-2.31. The average CNC TERC gene copy number was 2.07, 1.99 and 1.94 in CML-IM Resistant patients, CML-IM Respond and healthy groups, respectively. No significant difference of TERC gene amplification observed between CML-IM Resistant and CML-IM Respond patients. Low levels of TERC gene amplification might not have a huge impact in haematological disorders especially in terms of resistance towards IM treatment.