• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 1984

The frequencies of finger print patterns and the pattern intensity index among 2, 925 Koreans (804 males, 2, 121 females) are analyzed. Total finger ridge counts was calculated for 776 Koreans (426 males and 350 females). Comparisons are made with results among other racial populations in a review of the literature. Certain differences exist between males and females in both qualitative (finger print pattern) and quantitative (total ridge count) dermatoglyphic traits. Males have higher frequences of whorls (53.6% for males, 45.7% for females), and radial loops (2.9% for males, 2.2% for females), while the frequencies of archs (1.9% for males, 2.9% for females) and ulnar loops (41.6% for males, 49.2% for females) are higher in females. The pattern intensity index for males (15.2) was higher than that for females (14.3). The mean of the total ridge count was higher (140.4$\\pm$41.2) in males than in females (129.8$\\pm$40.6). There was no correlation between total ridge count and IQ (r=-0.0027, N=343). Total ridge count among different racial groups was found to vary slightly.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.365-372
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• 2009

The influence of combustor pressure on the local reaction characteristics of $CH_4$/air flames was investigated by measurements of local chemiluminescence intensity. Induced flow flames are often applied to the industrial boiler systems and incinerator in order to improve heat transfer and prevent exhaust gas leakage. In order to investigate combustion characteristics in the induced flow pattern, the combustor pressure index($P^*$) was controlled in the range of $0.7{\sim}1.3$ for each equivalence ratio in the present combustion system, where $P^*$ is defined as the ratio of absolute pressure to atmospheric one. Relationship between local reaction intensity and pressure index have been investigated by simultaneous $CH^*$, $C^*_2$ and $OH^*$ intensity measurements. It could be observed that flame length became longer with decreasing $P^*$ from $CH^*$ chemiluminescence intensity of axial direction. The mean value of $C^*_2$ and $CH^*$ chemiluminescence intensities, which indicates reaction intensity in the $CH_4$/air flames, decreased with decreasing pressure index for ${\Phi}{\leq}1$, but increased with decreasing pressure index for ${\Phi}$>1. $C^*_2/CH^*$ intensity ratio, which can be a good marker to demonstrate local equivalence ratio, was almost same for ${\Phi}{\leq}1$ regardless of pressure index change, while they showed high level for lower pressure index for ${\Phi}$>1 conditions.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.117-144
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• 2009

This paper analyzes how Korea's trade intensity with major ASEAN countries changed from 2000 to 2005. For this purpose, we measured the trade intensity index, the trade complementarity index, and the special country bias index between Korea and ASEAN countries by the trade intensity index model developed by Yamazawa (1970). The OECD trade matrix was used as data. We found that Korea's trade intensity with Indonesia increased from 8.91 in 2000 to 10.88 in 2005 due to a considerable increase in Korea's special country bias with Indonesia from 9.58 in 2000 to 10.75 in 2005. Therefore Korea's special country bias with Indonesia should be enhanced further by increasing capital movements and reducing discriminatory tariffs and other import restrictions between Korea and Indonesia. It was also found that trade intensity between Korea and other ASEAN countries (i.e., Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) shows a similar pattern of the above trade intensity between Korea and Indonesia except the trade complementarity.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.507-511
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• 1998

Fingerprints of 100 New Zealand-Samoan males and 93 females have been analyzed. Whorls are more numerous in fingerprint females (65.6%) than in males (55.6%). The index of pattern intensity displays a higher value in females (16.49) than in males (15.48). The bimanual differences both in males and females are not statistically significant for the occurrence of patterns on the digits of the right and left hands. Also the difference between both sexes for the occurrence of patterns is not statistically significant. Incidences of actual symmetry on homologous digits represented 78.2% in males and 85.8% in females. The mean total ridge counts showed $175.7{\pm}54.6$ ($M{\pm}SD$) in males and $171.6\{pm}49.8$ ($M{\pm}SD$) in females, respectively. Conclusively, this study shows that the New Zealand-Samoans are closely related to the Mongoloids in quantitative dermatoglyphics.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.91-94
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• 2000

Fingerprints of 114 Australian Aboriginal males and 90 females have been analyzed. Whorls are more frequent in males (56.7%) than in females (51.2%) and loops are less frequent in males (42.6%) than in females (47.0%). The index of pattern intensity displays a higher value in males (15.60) than in females (14.94). The bimanual differences both in males and females ave not statistically significant for the occurrence of patterns on the digits of the right and left hands. Also the difference between both sexes for the occurrence of patterns is not statistically significant. Incidences of actual symmetry on homologous digits represented 74.0% in males and 77.3% in females. The mean total ridge counts showed 156.65 $\pm$43.32 (M$\pmSD) in males and 148.6943.64 (M$\pmSD) in females, respectively. Conclusively, this study represents that the Australian Aborigines conform closely to the Polynesians in finger dermatoglyphics.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.229-254
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• 2011

In this paper, we decomposed Greenhouse-Gas emissions of Korea's manufacturing industry using LMDI (Log Mean Divisia Index) method. Changes in $CO_2$ emissions from 1991 to 2007 studied in 5 different factors, industrial production (production effect), industry production mix (structure effect), sectoral energy intensity (intensity effect), sectoral energy mix (energy-mix effect), and $CO_2$ emission factors (emission-factor effect). By results, the structure effect and intensity effect has a role of reducing GHG emissions and The role of structure effect was bigger than intensity effect. The energy mix effect increased GHG emissions and emission-factor effect decreased GHG emissions. By time series analysis, IMF regime affected the GHG emission pattern. the structure effect and intensity effect in that regime was getting worse. After 2000, in the high oil price period, the structure effect and intensity effect is getting better.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.31-37
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• 2013

Purpose - This study aims to strengthen the economic cooperation between Korea and Japan by studying the pattern of trade between them and identifying drawbacks. Thus, it aims to enable trade expansion by analyzing the factors that affect trade and identifying ways to improve them. If economic cooperation is improved, transport and communication costs, as well as the transaction cost of economic exchanges, can be minimized. Research design, data, methodology - The trade intensity index developed by the Japanese economist Yamazawa under his trade intensity theory was used to analyze the trade decision factor of Korea and Japan. Trade structure and decision factors were analyzed for the target period of 2000 to 2012, and the period ranging from 2000 to 2005 was compared with the period ranging from 2005 to 2012. This paper is an analysis of the resultant time series. The data were collected from Korea Traders Association, Korea Customs Office, and UN Comtrade (2000, 2005, 2012) and whole table indexes were calculated by the author. Trade related index was used to analyze the comparative advantage based on time-series analysis statistics data (2000. 2005, 2012) through an analysis of the trade intensity index (TII), revealed comparative advantage index (RCA), and trade specialization index (TSI). Results - The trade intensity index of the industries of Japan and Korea is 1.814 in 2000. The export ratio of Japan against China was slightly higher at 2.128. TII is indicated to be 1.600 in both 2005 and 2012, which means export ratio of Japan against China is considerably maintained in 2005; however, export ratio of Japan against China is diminishing gradually as its index is 1.600 in 2012. Second, as per the trade specialization index of the ship industry in Japan and China, TSI is indicated to be -0.818 in 2000, -0.308 in 2005, and -0.847 in 2012. Generally, it is still closer to -1 and especially, we can see it is more closer to -1 in 2012. Third, as per the revealed comparative advantage index of the ship industry in Japan and China, the RCA index in 2012 is 0.007, which is quite far from 1 as compared to the value in 2000 and 2005. Hence, the Japanese ship industry has a significant comparative disadvantage against the Chinese ship industry. Conclusions - Both countries invest most of their capital in the shipping industry. It is the shipping industry that receives the most capital investment in the two countries is invested and governmental policy funds are needed. As both countries have large shipping industries, this research project is very valuable. Japan and China are compared because they are Korea's neighbors. Also, Korea is strategically located in Northeast Asia and has a history of foreign intrusion from several countries. Therefore, the purpose of this research study is to understand the trade structures of both countries and intensify the economic cooperation between Japan and China.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.241-251
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• 2020

Purpose : This study examined the effect of locomotive syndrome on stress index and lifestyle patterns among elderly Koreans aged 65 years and older, and analyzed its correlation with stress index and lifestyle patterns. The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the management and prevention of locomotive syndrome in the elderly. Methods : Using the "25-Question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25)", the study evaluated locomotive syndrome in 123 elderly Koreans aged 65 years and older. Of them, 85 patients were assigned to the locomotive syndrome group and 38 patients were assigned to the normal group. The questionnaire measured and investigated the participants' stress index and lifestyle patterns. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 ver. Results : Results showed the locomotive syndrome group displayed a higher stress index than the normal group, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The group also scored lower in the lifestyle pattern survey than the normal group did, with a statistically significant difference in high-intensity work performance ratio and average daily performance time between them. The GLFS-25 score showed a significant positive correlation with the stress index and sitting and lying down time, and a significant negative correlation with medium-intensity working time, walking, and cycling time. Conclusion : In conclusion, Locomotive syndrome in elderly Koreans is closely related to stress and lifestyle patterns, especially high-intensity work. We recommend active prevention and management of locomotive syndrome and further research into the effects of various lifestyle factors on the illness.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.206-213
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• 2011

Purpose: Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a high precision therapy technique that can achieve a conformal dose distribution on a given target. However, organ motion induced by respiration can result in significant dosimetric error. Therefore, this study explores the dosimetric error that result from various patterns of respiration. Materials and Methods: Experiments were designed to deliver a treatment plan made for a real patient to an in-house developed motion phantom. The motion pattern; the amplitude and period as well as inhale-exhale period, could be controlled by in-house developed software. Dose distribution was measured using EDR2 film and analysis was performed by RIT113 software. Three respiratory patterns were generated for the purpose of this study; first the 'even inhale-exhale pattern', second the slightly long exhale pattern (0.35 seconds longer than inhale period) named 'general signal pattern', and third a 'long exhale pattern' (0.7 seconds longer than inhale period). One dimensional dose profile comparisons and gamma index analysis on 2 dimensions were performed. Results: In one-dimensional dose profile comparisons, 5% in the target and 30% dose difference at the boundary were observed in the long exhale pattern. The center of high dose region in the profile was shifted 1 mm to inhale (caudal) direction for the 'even inhale-exhale pattern', 2 mm and 5 mm shifts to exhale (cranial) direction were observed for 'slightly long exhale pattern' and 'long exhale pattern', respectively. The areas of gamma index >1 were 11.88 %, 15.11%, and 24.33% for 'even inhale-exhale pattern', 'general pattern', and 'long exhale pattern', respectively. The long exhale pattern showed largest errors. Conclusion: To reduce the dosimetric error due to respiratory motions, controlling patient's breathing to be closer to even inhaleexhale period is helpful with minimizing the motion amplitude.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.457-466
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• 2007

A numerical and experimental study on the evaluation and the prediction of cleanliness level in the mini-environment system was carried out. Using the concept of local mean air-age (LMA) and effective flow rate, the new direct method for estimating the mini-environment was developed and compared with the previous performance index of airflow pattern characteristics. It was found out that the airflow pattern analysis is a restricted method to estimate the real performance of the mini-environment. The reason is that the airflow pattern cannot predict the effect of the increment of the ventilation rate on the cleanliness level in the mini-environment. While LMA is capable of showing the effects of the contaminant accumulation caused by turbulent intensity, eddy, and the increment of the effective flow rate. This result showed that LMA is more exact and effective performance index than the previous one like the airflow pattern characteristics.