• Title/Summary/Keyword: Pathological development

검색결과 354건 처리시간 0.023초

LPS로 인해 활성화된 BV2 Microglia에서 발효 복합버섯-곡물 숙성균주 배양 홍삼(紅蔘)의 뇌신경염증 보호효과 (Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of cultivated red ginseng with fermented complex mushroom-cereal mycelium on lipopolysaccharide activated BV2 microglial cells)

  • 권빛나;오진영;김동욱;장미경;조준형;박성주;배기상
    • 대한본초학회지
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    • 제38권1호
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    • pp.11-19
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    • 2023
  • Objectives : Neuroinflammation is a common pathological mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases, and the development of therapeutic agents is urgently needed. Red ginseng has been known to be good for the immune stimulation in Eastern Asia. Although the immuno-stimulatory activity of red ginseng are already known, the neuro-protective effects of cultivated red ginseng with fermented complex mushroom-cereal mycelium (RGFM) have not been conducted. Thus, in this study, we tried to investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of RGFM water extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated BV2 cells. Methods : BV2 cells were pretreated with RGFM 1 h prior to LPS exposure. To determine the neuro-protective effects of RGFM water extract, we measured the expression of inflammatory mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1𝛽, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-𝛼 in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. In addition, to find out the regulatory mechanism of RGFM water extract, we assessed the protein levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and inhibitory 𝜅B𝛼 (I𝜅B𝛼) by western blotting. Results : In our study, treatment of RGFM reduced the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2 and suppressed NO production in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Additionally, the secretion of IL-1𝛽 and TNF-𝛼 but not IL-6 was significantly inhibited by RGFM. Furthermore, RGFM water extract inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Conclusions : Taken together, these findings suggest that RGFM water extract has a protective effect on neuroinflammation through inhibition of JNK.

Antiviral effects of Bovine antimicrobial peptide against TGEV in vivo and in vitro

  • Liang, Xiuli;Zhang, Xiaojun;Lian, Kaiqi;Tian, Xiuhua;Zhang, Mingliang;Wang, Shiqiong;Chen, Cheng;Nie, Cunxi;Pan, Yun;Han, Fangfang;Wei, Zhanyong;Zhang, Wenju
    • Journal of Veterinary Science
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    • 제21권5호
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    • pp.80.1-80.13
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    • 2020
  • Background: In suckling piglets, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes lethal diarrhea accompanied by high infection and mortality rates, leading to considerable economic losses. This study explored methods of preventing or inhibiting their production. Bovine antimicrobial peptide-13 (APB-13) has antibacterial, antiviral, and immune functions. Objectives: This study analyzed the efficacy of APB-13 against TGEV through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Methods: The effects of APB-13 toxicity and virus inhibition rate on swine testicular (ST) cells were detected using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The impact of APB-13 on virus replication was examined through the 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50). The mRNA and protein levels were investigated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot (WB). Tissue sections were used to detect intestinal morphological development. Results: The safe and effective concentration range of APB-13 on ST cells ranged from 0 to 62.5 ㎍/mL, and the highest viral inhibitory rate of APB-13 was 74.1%. The log10TCID50 of 62.5 ㎍/mL APB-13 was 3.63 lower than that of the virus control. The mRNA and protein expression at 62.5 ㎍/mL APB-13 was significantly lower than that of the virus control at 24 hpi. Piglets in the APB-13 group showed significantly lower viral shedding than that in the virus control group, and the pathological tissue sections of the jejunum morphology revealed significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: APB-13 exhibited good antiviral effects on TGEV in vivo and in vitro.

Ginseng-derived type I rhamnogalacturonan polysaccharide binds to galectin-8 and antagonizes its function

  • Yi Zheng;Yunlong Si;Xuejiao Xu;Hongming Gu;Zhen He;Zihan Zhao;Zhangkai Feng;Jiyong Su;Kevin H. Mayo;Yifa Zhou;Guihua Tai
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제48권2호
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    • pp.202-210
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    • 2024
  • Background: Panax ginseng Meyer polysaccharides exhibit various biological functions, like antagonizing galectin-3-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Galectin-8 (Gal-8), with its linker-joined N- and C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), is also crucial to these biological processes, and thus plays a role in various pathological disorders. Yet the effect of ginseng-derived polysaccharides in modulating Gal-8 function has remained unclear. Methods: P. ginseng-derived pectin was chromatographically isolated and enzymatically digested to obtain a series of polysaccharides. Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) quantified their binding affinity to Gal-8, and their inhibitory effects on Gal-8 was assessed by hemagglutination, cell migration and T-cell apoptosis. Results: Our ginseng-derived pectin polysaccharides consist mostly of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and homogalacturonan (HG). BLI shows that Gal-8 binding rests primarily in RG-I and its β-1,4-galactan side chains, with sub-micromolar KD values. Both N- and C-terminal Gal-8 CRDs bind RG-I, with binding correlated with Gal-8-mediated function. Conclusion: P. ginseng RG-I pectin β-1,4-galactan side chains are crucial to binding Gal-8 and antagonizing its function. This study enhances our understanding of galectin-sugar interactions, information that may be used in the development of pharmaceutical agents targeting Gal-8.

Cigarette Smoke Extract-Treated Mouse Airway Epithelial Cells-Derived Exosomal LncRNA MEG3 Promotes M1 Macrophage Polarization and Pyroptosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Upregulating TREM-1 via m6A Methylation

  • Lijing Wang;Qiao Yu;Jian Xiao;Qiong Chen;Min Fang;Hongjun Zhao
    • IMMUNE NETWORK
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.3.1-3.23
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    • 2024
  • Cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-treated mouse airway epithelial cells (MAECs)-derived exosomes accelerate the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by upregulating triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1); however, the specific mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of CSE-treated MAECs-derived exosomes on M1 macrophage polarization and pyroptosis in COPD. In vitro, exosomes were extracted from CSE-treated MAECs, followed by co-culture with macrophages. In vivo, mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) to induce COPD, followed by injection or/and intranasal instillation with oe-TREM-1 lentivirus. Lung function and pathological changes were evaluated. CD68+ cell number and the levels of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β (M1 macrophage marker), and pyroptosis-related proteins (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-1 recruitment domain, caspase-1, cleaved-caspase-1, gasdermin D [GSDMD], and GSDMD-N) were examined. The expression of maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), spleen focus forming virus proviral integration oncogene (SPI1), methyltransferase 3 (METTL3), and TREM-1 was detected and the binding relationships among them were verified. MEG3 increased N6-methyladenosine methylation of TREM-1 by recruiting SPI1 to activate METTL3. Overexpression of TREM-1 or METTL3 negated the alleviative effects of MEG3 inhibition on M1 polarization and pyroptosis. In mice exposed to CS, EXO-CSE further aggravated lung injury, M1 polarization, and pyroptosis, which were reversed by MEG3 inhibition. TREM-1 overexpression negated the palliative effects of MEG3 inhibition on COPD mouse lung injury. Collectively, CSE-treated MAECs-derived exosomal long non-coding RNA MEG3 may expedite M1 macrophage polarization and pyroptosis in COPD via the SPI1/METTL3/TREM-1 axis.

Evaluation of Renal Pathophysiological Processes Induced by an Iodinated Contrast Agent in a Diabetic Rabbit Model Using Intravoxel Incoherent Motion and Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  • Yongfang Wang;Xin Zhang;Bin Wang;Yang Xie;Yi Wang;Xuan Jiang;Rongjia Wang;Ke Ren
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • 제20권5호
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    • pp.830-843
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    • 2019
  • Objective: To examine the potential of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging for detecting renal changes after iodinated contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) development in a diabetic rabbit model. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two rabbits were randomized into 2 groups: diabetic rabbits with the contrast agent (DCA) and healthy rabbits with the contrast agent (NCA). In each group, 6 rabbits underwent IVIM and BOLD imaging at 1 hour, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days after an iohexol injection while 5 rabbits were selected to undergo blood and histological examinations at these specific time points. Iohexol was administrated at a dose of 2.5 g I/kg of body weight. Further, the apparent transverse relaxation rate (R2*), average pure molecular diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), perfusion fraction (f) were calculated. Results: The D and f values of the renal cortex (CO) and outer medulla (OM) were significantly decreased compared to baseline values in the 2 groups 1 day after the iohexol injection (p < 0.05). A marked reduction in the D* values for both the CO and OM was also observed after 1 hour in each group (p < 0.05). In the OM, a persistent elevation of the R2* was detected for 4 days in the DCA group (p < 0.05). Histopathological changes were prominent, and the pathological features of CI-AKI aggravated in the DCA group until day 4. The D, f, and R2* values significantly correlated with the histological damage scores, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α expression scores, and serum creatinine levels. Conclusion: A combination of IVIM and BOLD imaging may serve as a noninvasive method for detecting and monitoring CI-AKI in the early stages in the diabetic kidney.

ICR 마우스를 이용한 오미자, 상엽 에탄올 단독추출물 및 복합추출물의 단회경구투여 독성시험 (Single Dose Oral Toxicity Test of Ethanol Extracts of Schisandrae fructus and Mori folium, and their Mixture in ICR Mice)

  • 최은옥;권다혜;김민영;황보현;김홍재;안규임;정진우;이기원;김기영;김성구;최영환;홍수현;박철;최영현
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제26권10호
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    • pp.1207-1213
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    • 2016
  • 오미자(Schisandrae Fructus)와 상엽(Mori folium)은 한국, 중국, 일본을 포함한 아시아 지역에서 오랫동안 식품자원 및 전통 의약제로 광범위하게 사용되어 왔다. 최근 연구에 따르면 오미자와 상엽은 항균, 항염증, 항산화, 면역기능 조절 및 혈관신생억제 등과 같은 많은 효능을 가지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 오미자(SF), 상엽(MF) 에탄올 단독추출물 및 복합추출물(medicinal herber mixture, MHMIX)에 대한 독성 및 안전성에 대해서는 거의 알려져 있지 않은 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 SF, MF 및 MHMIX가 유발하는 급성독성 및 안전성을 확인하였다. 이를 위하여 ICR mice를 대상으로 SF, MF 및 MHMIX 5,000 mg/kg을 최고농도로 설정하여 단회 경구 투여하였으며, 투여 후 14일 동안의 치사율, 체중 변화, 임상증상, 음수율 및 사료섭취량과 함께 부검 소견, 장기무게 변화, 혈액학 및 혈액생화학적 검사를 실시하였다. 결과에서 나타난 바와 같이 SF, MF 및 MHMIX의 투여 후 치사율, 임상증상, 체중 및 부검 소견 상의 유의적인 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 SF, MF 및 MHMIX 투여에 따른 각 장기의 무게, 혈액학적 및 혈청학적 임상 화학적 지표에도 유의적인 변화는 관찰할 수 없었다. 따라서 SF, MF 및 MHMIX는 단회 경구 투여에 따른 치사량이 5,000 mg/kg 이상일 것으로 추정되어 ICR 마우스에 대하여 급성독성이 없는 비교적 안전한 물질이라는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 향후 천연물 소재로서의 효능 규명을 통한 활용이 기대된다.

Ethane 1,2-Dimethane Sulfonate(EDS)가 성체 흰쥐의 부속 생식기관에 미치는 효과 : 조직학적 연구 (Effect of Ethane 1,2-Dimethane Sulfonate (EDS) on the Accessory Sex Organs in Adult Rats : A Histological Study)

  • 이원용;이성호
    • 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.105-114
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    • 2009
  • 알킬화제로 잘 알려진 ethane 1,2-dimethane sulfonate(EDS)는 여러 종에서 선택적인 Leydig 세포(LC) 독성과 정소 기능장애에 연구 모델로 널리 사용된다. EDS 투여에 의해 유도된 LC 녹아웃 흰쥐의 경우, 부정소와 저정낭과 같은 테스토스테론 의존성 부속 생식기관들의 급격한 무게 감소가 초래됨이 이전의 연구들에게 보고되었다. 본 연구는 EDS투여가 흰쥐 부속 생식기관에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사한 것이다. 생체 수컷 흰쥐에 EDS를 1회 주사(75 mg/kg, i.p.)한 후 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7주 후에 각각 희생시겼다. 정소와 부정소, 저정낭 그리고 전립선의 무게를 각각 측정하였다. 조직의 변화는 hematoxylin & eosin 염색과 광학현미경을 통하여 분석하였다. 생식소와 그 부속기관의 무게는 EDS 처리 후 3주 까지는 점진적으로 감소하였고, 이후 서서히 정상으로 회복되었다. 부정소의 무게는 정상 수준의 60%까지 회복되는 양상을 보였다. 조직학적 결과에서 부정소의 상피세포층은 주사 후 1주에서 3주까지 비대해지는 것이 관찰되었다. 저정낭에서는 주사 후 1주부터 3주까지 상피세포층의 두께가 감소하였다. 전립선 역시 주사 후 1주에서 3주까지 상피세포층의 두께가 감소되고, 4주부터 회복되었다. 본 연구는 EDS 주사에 의해 일시적으로 안드로겐 결핍이 일어난 흰쥐에서 부속 생식기관에 뚜렷한 조직학적 변화가 일어남을 보였다. EDS 모델을 사용하여 이들 안드로겐 의존적인 부속 생식기관의 생리적, 분자적인 조절 기작에 대해 심층 연구할 경우 이들 조직의 정상 및 병리학적 발생과 분화를 이해하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

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티벳의학에 대한 연구 - "사부의전(四部醫典).근본의전(根本醫典)"을 중심으로 (Study on "Four Tantras", the Prime Textbook of Tibetan Medicine)

  • 장은영;윤창열
    • 대한한의학원전학회지
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.416-512
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    • 1998
  • The following conclusions are obtained from the studies on the chapters concerning phisiology, pathology, daily conduct, materia medica, pulse, and urinalysis from , of the "Four Tantras". 1. The theoretical basis forming the Tibetan Medicine is the substance of phlegm, bile, and wind each of which is divided into five kinds. These phisiological substances can be transformed into pathological factors when certain environment is formed. 2. In embryology, the semen of the father and menstral blood of mother is considered the most important condition in conception, and the Five factors are regarded as important. There is a detailed explanation of development of the fetus while it stays in the womb of mother during 38weeks, such as the formation of the viscera, channels, sense organs, etc. 3. There is metaphor which compares the human body with the king's palace. With the development of human anatomy, there is the detailed anatomical picture of anterior and posterior aspects of human body. And also there is the measurement of physiological constitution and the three fluids. 4. In division of the channels, they concerned the now of the blood and distribution of the nerve fibers, and each channel is connected with one another. The division of the cannel is namely embryonic channel, channel of existence, channel of connection, and the course of life principle. 5. The seven bodily constituents and three factors of phlegm, bile, and wind are important in sustaining the life of human body as well as growth and maturization, and when their equilibrium is broken, the human body is degnerated, and finally death comes. 6. The signs of death is divided into distant sign, remote sign, certain sign. and uncertain sign, and is used as a clue in diagnosis of the disease. Especially there is a mention about the mechanism of the dreams, and different dreams according to the condition of the patient. 7. In pathology, there is the cause of the disease, the environmental factors which can induce disease, the path by which disease come into the human body, the characteristics of the disease, and the kinds of disease. 8. There is a mention about the conduct, and it is divided into the daily conduct, the mental attitude, and the side-effects which can occur when one puts up with the physiological actions of the body. 9. The daily diet is divided into food and beverage. The food is divided again into grain, meat, fat, boiled food, and spiced food, and the beverage into milk, water, and wine. 10. The pulsation should be taken in lift hand to diagnose heart, small intestine, stomach, spleen, kidney, reproductive organ, and in right hand jungs, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, kidney, and bladder. In the healthy person, the pulse moves 5times in one perspiration, and the type of pulse is constant while the pulse moves 100times. But unhealthy person's pulse is different from this. The urinalysis is the unique part of Tibetan Medicine, and is important in examination of the disease. One should decide which of the three factors are dominant by the obervation of the color, amount of the steam and how long it lasts, odour, foam, and the shape of the swirl in three different states when the urine is hot, warm, and cold. One can determine the life of the patient and which viscera is the cause of the disease by the pulse, and whether the nature of the disease is hot or cold by the urinalysis. 11. The materia medica contains gemstones, minerals, plateau medication, and meat products.

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보안디자인을 활용한 시설보안시스템 구축 방안 (A Study on the construction of physical security system by using security design)

  • 최선태
    • 시큐리티연구
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    • 제27호
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    • pp.129-159
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    • 2011
  • 시설보안은 항상 보안영역에서 가장 중요한 부분을 차지하고 있다. 일반적으로 통합적 보안계획은 세 가지 요소로 구성된다. 여기에는 시설보안, 인사보안, 정보보안이 포함된다. 이 세 가지 요소는 상호간에 긴밀하게 연계되어 있고 보호하고자 하는 대상 시설과 기업의 유형에 따라 매우 다양하게 운영된다. 통합보안프로그램에서 시설보안요스는 대체적으로 정책과 절차, 사람, 방벽, 장비와 기록물로 구성된다. 인간은 선사시대부터 자신과 부족의 생명을 보존하기 위하여 쉼 없는 투쟁을 계속하였다. 그러나 선사시대의 인간들은 어떻게 견고한 집을 짓고 거주지를 어떻게 요새화하는지를 배우지 못하였기 때문에 자신들의 보호를 자연에 의존하였고 추운 날씨에는 동굴들을 보호나 피난처로 활용하였다. 인류사를 통하여 인간은 자신과 자신이 속한 부족의 생명과 자산을 보호하기 위하여 다양한 보호대책을 수립하여 왔다. 이러한 보안대책의 기본에는 시설보안대책이 자리하고 있다. 중세시대의 유럽의 대군주들은 성곽 둘레를 파내어 해자를 건설하거나 도개교를 만들어서 성 주위를 강화하고 거주자들에게 이러한 보호를 제공하고 경작된 농산물을 제공받았다. 20세기 들어 미국의 에드윈 홈즈는 미국의 보안산업발전에 혁신적인 전자경보서비스를 제공하기 시작하였다. 이것이 오늘날 전자보안시스템의 효시이며, 발전을 거듭하여 오늘날 해당 시설물에 다양한 전자보안시스템을 조합한 형태의 보안시스템이 보안시장의 대부분을 차지하고 있다. 이와 같이 인류는 태초부터 생명을 보호하기 위한 방법으로 다양한 보호대책을 수립하여 발전을 계속하고 있다. 오늘날 현대인은 생명과 자산의 보호와 다양한 사회병리현상에 대응하기 위하여 전국 방방곡곡 대부분의 시설물에 CCTV가 설치되어 현대인의 일상을 보호 감시하고 있다. 이러한 대부분의 시설보안시스템은 우리의 안전을 보장하기 위하여 설치되고 있으나 이에 대한 모든 비용 또한 우리가 지불하여야 한다. 따라서 효과적인 시설보안시스템의 구축은 매우 중요한 당면 과제이다. 이 연구에서는 현대사회의 필요성에 의해서 급속하게 증가하고 있는 시설보안시스템의 효과적인 구축방안에 대하여 보안디자인의 원리에 시스템 통합을 활용하여 효과적인 시설보안시스템 구축방안에 대하여 제시하였다.

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주단계(朱丹溪)의 생애(生涯)와 의학사상(醫學思想)에 관한 연구(硏究) (The life and medical idea of Chu, Dan-Gae.(朱 丹溪))

  • 이영원;윤창열
    • 대한한의학원전학회지
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    • 제5권
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    • pp.200-251
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    • 1992
  • As concerned the life and the medical idea of Choo, Tan-Kye(朱丹溪), which it can be summarized as follows by studying. 1. Tan-Kye(丹溪) lived in the end of the won dynasty(元代末期), When the people starved and suffered from a flood-disaster and drought. etc, also the social conditions were in disorder on account of the corrupt ion of politics. And Cheol Kang seong(浙江省), located in the south region of China, has sterile soil and the climate condition humid and heatful. So the south district peoples have very weak constitution. So We can found that his medical idea reflected the phases of the periods and the regional enviornmental situations. 2. For that reason, Tan-Kye(丹溪) rejected the prescription of the "WHa Che Gook Bang(和劑局方)" which was prevalent at that time, in which the the pungent-dried herbs were widly used ; So he persisted in the "Sang Wha Lon(相火論)" and the "Positivity is usually excedeed while the negativity deficient(陽有餘陰不足論)". Then he treated with the drugs to nourish the negativity for the prime object to be applied in the clinic. 3. Tan-Kye(丹溪) refined the follows from the natural law; Heaven is to the positivity(陽) and the Earth is defined the negativity(陰), so the heaven is to the Macro(大) and the earth, micro(小):So the Sun is to the Positivity(陽), the Moon, the Negativity(陰): as to the Sun is always full while the moon always defected too. Therefore the "positivity is always excedeed for that the negativity is deficientalways(陽有餘陰不足)". In Human body, "the negativity energy (陰精) "is hard formed-easily defected(難成易虧)". And the heat(相火) in the body can be moved easily and let the negative energy to leak out. Therefore the more the positivity excedeed, the more the negativity deficient"(陽當有餘陰常不足). 4. He made it expanded the contents of the "Heat(相火)" in the Chapter Woon Chi of the Nae Kyeong(內徑) and discribed, the Life-string of the human body is originated from the movement of the "Heat with unique energy(相火一氣)". And more in human body, it is specifically regulated by the two visceras, Liver and Kidney, and is distributed in the 'Pericardium(心包絡)' 'Tripie Warmer(三焦)' 'Gallbladder(膽)' etc. In the point of his assertion of heat(相火), it is concluded both the physiological and the pathological heat of all. 5. Tan-Kye(丹溪) grew up in the family or the Confucianism. He was instructed the Confucianism(性理學) from Heo-Kyeom(許謙), the fourth diciple of Chu-Ja(朱子), and was received the Yoo Chang Ri(劉 張 李)'s triple doctrine from the La Tae Moo(羅太無), the second disciple of Yoo Wan So(劉完素). So there are much of content of Confucianism(性理學) in his medical thedry, and his theory has succeeded the achievements of the triple study. 6. About the theory of the "positivity is usually excedeed while the negativity deficient"(陽常有餘陰常不足論) of Tan-Kye, it was asserted that the positivity is never sufficient for the vital mainspring, by Chang, Kye-Pin(張介賓) and Lee, Kyoo-Zoon(李奎晙) etc. And for the Heat theory(相火論), eventhough the scholars of postorior generations criicized all of that, there are defect of the content and unification between them. 7. The father of the "Cha Eum Pa(滋陰派), Tan-Kye(丹溪) contributed considerably to the development of the oriental medicine and to the general therapy for the various diseases(一般雜病施治). 8. there are handed down and remained twenty or more of volumes of list of his writings. Among them, except "Kyeok Chi Yeo Ron"(格致餘論), "Kuk Pang Pal Hyeu"(局方發揮), they are reorganized by posteriority. There are Cho, Do-Chin(趙道震). Cho, Ee-Teok(趙以德), Tae, Sa-Gong(戴思恭), Wang Ri(王履) and Yoo, Suk-Yeon(劉淑淵) etc as disciples of his. And Wang Ryoon(王論) and Woo Pak(虞搏) as the admirer of him.

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