• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.207-208
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• 2000

Since trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethylene (DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC) arise from anaerobic degradation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and TCE, there is interest in creating aerobic remediation systems that avoid the highly toxic VC and cis-DCE which predonominate in anaerobic degradation. However, it seemed TCE could not be degraded aerobically without an inducing compound (which also competitively inhibits TCE degradation). It has been shown that TCE induces expression of both the toluene dioxygenase of p. putida F1 as well as toluene-p-monooxygenase of P.mendocina KRI. We investigated here the ability of PCE, TCE, and chlorinated phenols to induce toluene-o-xylene monooxygenase (ToMO) from P.stutzeri OX1. ToMO has a relaxed regio-specificity since it hydroxylates toluene in the ortho, meta, and para positions; it also has a broad substrate range as it oxidizes o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and naphthalene; chlorinated compounds including TCE, 1, 1-DCE, cis-DCE, trans-DCE, VC, and chloroform : as well as mixtures of chlorinated aliphatics (Pseudomonas 1999 Maui Meeting). ToMO is a multicomponent enzyme with greatest similarity to the aromatic monooxygenases of Burkholderia pickettii PKO1 and P.mendocina KR1. Using P.sturzeri OX1, it was found that PCE induces P.mendocina KR1 Using P.situtzeri OX1, it was found that PCE induces ToMO activity measured as naphthalene oxygenase activity 2.5-fold, TCE induces 2.3-fold, and toluene induces 3.0 fold. With the mutant P.stutzeri M1 which does not express ToMO, it was also found there was no naphthalene oxygenate activity induced by PCE and TCE; hence, PCE and TCE induce the tow path. Using P.putida PaW340(pPP4062, pFP3028) which has the tow promoter fused to the reporter catechol-2, 3-dioxygenase and the regulator gene touR, it was determined that the tow promoter was induced 5.7-, 7.1-, and 5.2-fold for 2-, 3-, 4-chlorophenol, respectively (cf. 8.9-fold induction with o-cresol) : however, TCE and PCE did not directly induce the tou path. Gas chromatography and chloride ion analysis also showed that TCE induced ToMO expression in P.stutzeri OX1 and was degraded and mineralized. This is the first report of significant PCE induction of any enzyme as well as the first report of chlorinated compound induction of the tou operon. The results indicate TCE and chlorinated phenols can be degraded by P.stutzeri OX1 without a separate inducer of the tou pathway and without competitive inhibition.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.11
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• pp.789-794
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• 2013

A vehicle tracking system makes it possible to induce the vehicle movement path for avoiding traffic congestion and to prevent traffic accidents in advance by recognizing traffic flow, monitoring vehicles, and detecting road accidents. To track the vehicles effectively, those which appear in a sequence of video frames need to identified by extracting the features of each object in the frames. Next, the identical vehicles over the continuous frames need to be recognized through the matching among the objects' feature values. In this paper, we identify objects by binarizing the difference image between a target and a referential image, and the labelling technique. As feature values, we use the center coordinate of the minimum bounding rectangle(MBR) of the identified object and the averages of 1D FFT(fast Fourier transform) coefficients with respect to the horizontal and vertical direction of the MBR. A vehicle is tracked in such a way that the pair of objects that have the highest similarity among objects in two continuous images are regarded as an identical object. The experimental result shows that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods that use geometrical features in tracking accuracy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1615-1626
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of shopping orientation, and service quality and satisfaction on impulsive buying behavior in two types of apparel store. The sample consisted of 616 females aged 20-30 who were shopping at department stores and shopping malls in Busan. Data were analyzed with factor analysis, t-test, cross analysis and path analysis. The results showed that consumers of department stores showed more strongly convenient orientation than those of the shopping mall, consumers of the shopping mall showed more strongly recreational orientation and practical orientation than those of the department. Stores services of the department were perceived better than that of the shopping mall in promotional services, salespersons' services and environmental services. But it didn't show any differences between store types in product services. Consumers 'satisfaction with the service was greater in department stores than the shopping mall. But it didn't show any difference between apparel store types in the impulsive buying behaviors. Impulsive buying behavior of department store shoppers is directly affected by a shopper' shopping orientation as well as store service quality perceived by shoppers rather than a shopper' satisfaction. The service quality does not have directly related to consumers’ service satisfaction. The causal relationships of impulsive buying behaviors showed similarity in shopping malls and department stores. The perceived quality and satisfaction with store service were higher at department store than shopping malls. In impulse buying behavior of a department store was directly affected by a shopper' shopping orientation as well as store service quality perceived by shoppers rather than a shopper’ store service satisfaction.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1-27
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• 2011

Introduction: Sales of private labels(PU have been growing m recent years. Globally, PLs have already achieved 20% share, although between 25 and 50% share in most of the European markets(AC. Nielson, 2005). These products are aimed to have comparable quality and prices as national brand(NB) products and have been continuously eroding manufacturer's national brand market share. Stores have also started introducing premium PLs that are of higher-quality and more reasonably priced compared to NBs. Worldwide, many retailers already have a multiple-tier private label architecture. Consumers as a consequence are now able to have a more diverse brand choice in store than ever before. Since premium PLs are priced higher than regular PLs and even, in some cases, above NBs, stores can expect to generate higher profits. Brand extensions and private label have been extensively studied in the marketing field. However, less attention has been paid to the private label extension. Therefore, this research focuses on private label extension using the Multi-Attribute Attitude Model(Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). Especially there are few studies that consider the hierarchical effect of the PL's two parent brands: store brand and the original PL. We assume that the attitude toward each of the two parent brands affects the attitude towards the extended PL. The influence from each parent brand toward extended PL will vary according to the perceived fit between each parent brand and the extended PL. This research focuses on how these two parent brands act as reference points to one another in the consumers' choice consideration. Specifically we seek to understand how store image and attitude towards original PL affect consumer perceptions of extended premium PL. How consumers perceive extended premium PLs could provide strategic suggestions for retailer managers with specific suggestions on whether it is more effective: to position extended premium PL similarly or dissimilarly to original PL especially on the quality dimension and congruency with store image. There is an extensive body of research on branding and brand extensions (e.g. Aaker and Keller, 1990) and more recently on PLs(e.g. Kumar and Steenkamp, 2007). However there are no studies to date that look at the upgrading and influence of original PLs and attitude towards store on the premium PL extension. This research wishes to make a contribution to this gap using the perceived fit difference between parent brands and extended premium PL as the context. In order to meet the above objectives, we investigate which factors heighten consumers' positive attitude toward premium PL extension. Research Model and Hypotheses: When considering the attitude towards the premium PL extension, we expect four factors to have an influence: attitude towards store; attitude towards original PL; perceived congruity between the store image and the premium PL; perceived similarity between the original PL and the premium PL. We expect that all these factors have an influence on consumer attitude towards premium PL extension. Figure 1 gives the research model and hypotheses. Method: Data were collected by an intercept survey conducted on consumers at discount stores. 403 survey responses were attained (total 59.8% female, across all age ranges). Respondents were asked to respond to a series of Questions measured on 7 point likert-type scales. The survey consisted of Questions that measured: the trust towards store and the original PL; the satisfaction towards store and the original PL; the attitudes towards store, the original PL, and the extended premium PL; the perceived similarity of the original PL and the extended premium PL; the perceived congruity between the store image and the extended premium PL. Product images with specific explanations of the features of premium PL, regular PL and NB we reused as the stimuli for the Question response. We developed scales to measure the research constructs. Cronbach's alphaw as measured each construct with the reliability for all constructs exceeding the .70 standard(Nunnally, 1978). Results: To test the hypotheses, path analysis was conducted using LISREL 8.30. The path analysis for verification of the model produced satisfactory results. The validity index shows acceptable results(${\chi}^2=427.00$(P=0.00), GFI= .90, AGFI= .87, NFI= .91, RMSEA= .062, RMR= .047). With the increasing retailer use of premium PLBs, the intention of this research was to examine how consumers use original PL and store image as reference points as to the attitude towards premium PL extension. Results(see table 1 & 2) show that the attitude of each parent brand (attitudes toward store and original pL) influences the attitude towards extended PL and their perceived fit moderates these influences. Attitude toward the extended PL was influenced by the relative level of perceived fit. Discussion of results and future direction: These results suggest that the future strategy for the PL extension needs to consider that positive parent brand attitude is more strongly associated with the attitude toward PL extensions. Specifically, to improve attitude towards PL extension, building and maintaining positive attitude towards original PL is necessary. Positioning premium PL congruently to store image is also important for positive attitude. In order to improve this research, the following alternatives should also be considered. To improve the research model's predictive power, more diverse products should be included in study. Other attributes of product should also be included such as design, brand name since we only considered trust and satisfaction as factors to build consumer attitudes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2009

The multi-level profile system is designed to measure the vertical profile of $H_2O$ and $CO_2$ concentrations in the surface layer to estimate the storage effects within the plant canopy. It is suitable for long-term experiments and can be used also in advection studies for estimating the spatial variability and vertical gradients in concentration. It enables the user to calculate vertical fluxes of water vapor, $CO_2$ and other trace gases using the surface layer similarity theory and to infer their sources or sinks. The profile system described in this report includes the following components: sampling system, calibration and flow control system, closed path infrared gas analyzer(IRGA), vacuum pump and a datalogger. The sampling system draws air from 8 inlets into the IRGA in a sequence, so that for 80 seconds air from all levels is measured. The calibration system, controlled by the datalogger, compensates for any deviations in the calibration of the IRGA by using gas sources with known concentrations. The datalogger switches the corresponding valves, measures the linearized voltages from the IRGA, calculates the concentrations for each monitoring level, performs statistical analysis and stores the final data. All critical components are mounted in an environmental enclosure and can operate with little maintenance over long periods of time. This report, as a practical manual, is designed to provide helpful information for those who are interested in using profile system to measure evapotranspiration and net ecosystem exchanges in complex terrain.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.84-95
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• 2011

In this paper, we present a deblocking algorithm that removes grid and staircase noises, which are called "blocking artifacts", occurred in the compressed satellite images. Particularly, the given satellite images are compressed with equal quantization coefficients in row according to region complexity, and more complicated regions are compressed more. However, this approach has a problem that relatively less complicated regions within the same row of complicated regions have blocking artifacts. Removing these artifacts with a general deblocking algorithm can blur complex and undesired regions as well. Additionally, the general filter lacks in preserving the curved edges. Therefore, the proposed algorithm presents an adaptive filtering scheme for removing blocking artifacts while preserving the image details including curved edges using the given quantization step size and content analysis. Particularly, WLFPCA (weighted lowpass filter using principle component analysis) is employed to reduce the artifacts around edges. Experimental results showed that the proposed method outperforms SA-DCT in terms of subjective image quality.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.331-339
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• 2016

This paper suggests an estimation method of the source signal and the channel impulse response (CIR) using ray-based blind deconvolution (RBD) in the underwater acoustic channel environment where Doppler effect exists by the relative motion between source and receiver. It is difficult to estimate the CIR on Doppler effect by the matched filter with a highly Doppler-sensitive waveform such as the m-sequence signal because Doppler shift can severely degrade the correlation between the received signal corrupted by Doppler effect and the original source signal. In this study, the Doppler-shifted source-signal's phase is estimated using the RBD, and the received signal is compensated by it to obtain the Doppler-corrected CIR. It is verified that using the matched filter with the received signal from the experimental data fails to estimate the CIR while the obtained CIR by the suggested method has the similarity to the propagation path of the ray model. Also, the results show that the reconstructed source signal using the RBD has the better Doppler shift compensation than the Doppler-shifted source signal derived from scattering function.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

Oriental Medicine has long been centered around Qi[vital force], hence adopting Qigong and the art of regimen for training the body and relaxing the mind so as to prevent and heal illness. It has not been such a long time since Qigong method had been performed and spot-lighted out of numerous methods in Oriental Medicine. In China and Korea alone, diverse cases and papers are published, only revealing so many steps toward the establishment of diachronic description, theoretical foundation, and clinical practice. Historical approach is an essential part of recognizing a subject. When you step along its path and comprehend what it were, you can also grasp what it is and what it will be. Establishment of Qigong history is also vital to research Qigong in theory and practice. Generally, Qigong was transmitted from China to Korea, whereas the opposite explanation, that it originated from Korean Taoism, is supported by the minority based on certain texts concerning ancient history. In this paper, I support the theory of Korean originality based on the following grounds: First, the location of Qi and Van, the motherland of Chinese Taoism provides a strong evidence that Korean tradition had been absorbed by them and formed the tradition of mystic hermits(shenxian). Second, Guangchengzi, the originator of mystic hermits, is from Dongyi tribe according to Cheonghakjib. Third, the myth of Dangun has pure form of unique Korean folklore possessing the distinctive feature of mystic hermits tradition, uninfluenced by Chinese Taoism. Fourth, in ideographical aspect, the character 'xian(仙)', was invented as the Korean concept of mystic hermits[xian] was flowed in to China. Moreover, There is high probability that it was based on the concept of mystic hermits shown in the myth of Dangun in Its original formation. Fifth, considering the relation between wild ginseng and the tradition of mystic hermits, that tradition can be formed very naturally in Korean area. Sixth, the analogical similarity between archetype of Korean tradition and Taoistic trilogy, the foundational idea of the tradition, gives genealogical basis to its origin. Seventh, the tradition of mystic hermits and Shamanism, which constitues the prototype of Korean mind as an original religious tradition, are undiscernible in their root In Conclusion, We can reach the idea that the origin of Qigong derives from Korean tradition, not that of China. The tradition of mystic hermits was transformed to ego-centric seclusionism when it faced the anarchy of Warring states period in China, whereas it was developed into humane proriety and worship of Heaven base on the programme of 'universal fraternity in pursuit of interst for man'. In prospect, it is highly required to develop and interpret traditional discipline methods in Korea so as to utilize them for clinical Qigong in practice.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2020

This study aims to elicit criteria regarding reassessment and designation of linear scenic sites henceforth. The results are as follows; First, based on the documents from the Cultural Properties Protection Committee of Korea, 23 out of 113 scenic sites in Korea were drawn, and their linear characteristics were categorized into four types including valleys, paths, rivers, and ridges. The linear scenic sites provide certain features in terms of sequence and direction, which results in the similar utilization among the sites which share the linear similarity. Second, the 23 sites mentioned above were intensely examined on the basis of six criteria for linear scenic sites through FGI, focus group interview. The criteria consist of six elements involving core resource(12), lot number(8), unclear(8), management path(5), ridge(4), basin(3). Third, the Cultural Heritage Administration has prioritized core resource since 2010, when designating a scenic site, whereas it tended to consider lot number as priority prior to 2010. It is thought that the authority gave consideration to issues related to private ownership of property in the scenic sites and the purpose of designation. Fourth, scenic sites are generally designated in accordance with the boundary of core resource, and in most cases, there are buffer zones alongside the core resource.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.222-234
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• 2021

Airborne-pests can be introduced into Korea from overseas areas by wind, which can cause considerable damage to major crops. Meteorological models have been used to estimate the wind trajectories of airborne insects. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of input settings on the prediction of areas where airborne pests arrive by wind. The wind trajectories were predicted using the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The HYSPLIT model was used to track the wind dispersal path of particles under the assumption that brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) was introduced into Korea from sites where the pest was reported in China. Meteorological input data including instantaneous and average wind speed were generated using meso-scale numerical weather model outputs for the domain where China, Korea, and Japan were included. In addition, the calculation time intervals were set to 1, 30, and 60 minutes for the wind trajectory calculation during early June in 2019 and 2020. It was found that the use of instantaneous and average wind speed data resulted in a considerably large difference between the arrival areas of airborne pests. In contrast, the spatial distribution of arrival areas had a relatively high degree of similarity when the time intervals were set to be 1 minute. Furthermore, these dispersal patterns predicted using the instantaneous wind speed were similar to the regions where the given pest was observed in Korea. These results suggest that the impact assessment of input settings on wind trajectory prediction would be needed to improve the reliability of an approach to predict regions where airborne-pest could be introduced.