• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.34-45
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this study is to highlight recent gut-microbiota studies and to encourage gut-microbiota-related researches in Pediatric science of Korean Medicine. Methods We searched gut microbiota related studies and patents via the PubMed database of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the PatentScope database of the UN World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to see current trends of gut microbiota studies. Results All searched research and review articles in gut-microbiota studies were analyzed and presented as two charts, showing the recent trends of gut microbiota research. We summarized and discussed the significance of the selected fifty-six articles. Also, we listed reported gut-microbiota-derived small metabolites, impacting on human health and diseases. Conclusions This study emphasizes the critical roles of gut-microbiota and their-derived small metabolites in the human physiology and pathology. We know and agree that many natural compounds in Korean Medicine could be converted into small metabolites by gut microbiota in our body. Thus, it is important to encourage physicians and researchers of gut microbiota in the arena of Pediatric Korean Medicine. We believe that researchers will find a lot of unknown metabolites produced by gut microbiota from natural compounds in Korean Medicine.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.143-159
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• 2019

This study explores the relationship between outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and innovation in 61 industries of Korea between 1999 and 2016. In order to mitigate the endogeneity problem due to potential reverse causality between FDI and innovation, we use the GMM (generalized method of moments). Our results are as follows. First, FDI has a positive effect on innovation. A possible explanation is that through FDI, multinational companies may assimilate host countries' technologies and knowledge by learning, and then recreating new technologies. Furthermore, this positive effect appears greater, as industrial competition becomes fiercer. This result provides empirical evidence that by recreating technology and knowledge learned through FDI with their own intangible assets, such as patents, they may gain a competitive edge over competitors. Second, this study confirms the greater positive effects of FDI in developed countries, as well as countries with higher technology levels. Finally, strategic asset seeking FDI has the greatest positive impact on innovation in Korean industries. In summary, our findings provide empirical evidence that Korean multinationals can learn technology and knowledge of host countries through FDI to secure a competitive edge in the Korean market.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-39
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• 2016

The problems of parallel import in China have been becoming hot issues day by day, because the brand name goods' price in China is much higher than in other developed countries. This study researched the parallel import's basic theories and law cases, and analyzed the legal matters of Chinese parallel import system. First of all, China hasn't any law on parallel import so far. So the court judges determined the law cases based on 「patent law」, 「trademark law」 or 「anti-unfair competition law」. Therefore even in the same case, there might be different decisions according to judges or applied laws. This study handled three different law cases on the parallel import. We found some problems of Chinese parallel import system, so our conclusion is that to solve those kinds of problems, China should legislate the new parallel import law as soon as possible.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.213-221
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• 2005

Purpose : Urachal anomalies are rare but are known to develop several complications, especially infection. Moreover, uniform guidelines for management have not been presented because of the variable clinical characteristics of these anomalies. The purpose of this report is to review our experience with urachal anomalies and attempt to determine the optimal management. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the records of fourteen children with a variety of urachal anomalies who had been treated from January 1996 to June 2005 at Dong Kang General Hospital. Results : The age distribution of the patients(mean age; 3.8 years) was six neonates, one infant, five preschool-age and two school-age children. The male to female ratio was 1:1. Six cases of urachal cyst, four cases of patent urachus, two cases of urachal sinus and two cases of urachal diverticulum were found. Three patients with patent urachus and one with urachal cyst had hydronephrosis. Other associated anomalies included an inguinal hernia in one patient with urachal sinus and a vesicoureteral reflux in one patient with urachal diver ticulum. As a first-line diagnostic tool, high-resolution ultrasound examination was performed in thirteen cases and computed tomography in one case. Surgical excision was performed in nine patients with urachal anomaly. Five cases out of six neonatal cases experienced spontaneous improvement during a three-month follow up period. Due to frequent infection of the umbilicus, surgical excision was performed on one neonate with urachal sinus. Conclusion : All patients with urachal anomalies should undergo investigation for associated anomalies. The neonate with urachal anomalies, especially patent urachus, do not require surgical excision unless the patient has multiple episodes of recurrent infection. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2005;9:213-221)

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.225-260
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• 2014

In this paper, we present a literature review of the mechanisms and methodology for technology spillover, in order to provide a theoretical and practical foundation for estimating the technology spillover effect of public funded R&D programs. Our research consists of four parts. First, we investigate what technology spillover is and how it works. Second, we review the methodology used to empirically measure technology spillover, with a view to understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Third, we identify the gap between the spillover phenomenon and its estimated results, caused by the limitations of the methodology, and discuss the challenges in measuring technology spillover. Finally, we present several considerations to improve the measurement of technology spillover in the context of public funded R&D programs. Our paper provides policy makers and researchers with basic knowledge about technology spillover and helps them suitably evaluate the results obtained from the literature review. In addition, it contributes towards improving the existing methodology by recognizing the gap between the spillover phenomenon and the methodology.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.485-505
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• 2023

Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of using Taeksa-tang for dyslipidemia through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: The search was conducted using keywords such as "dyslipidemia", "hyperlipidemia", "taeksa tang", "zexie tang", and "takusha to" in 12 databases (Pubmed, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, CNKI, Wanfang, CiNii, RISS, KISS, ScienceON, OASIS, and DBpia) on April 13, 2023. There were no limits on the publication period and language. Cochrane's risk of bias (RoB) was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. A meta-analysis was conducted according to the outcome measurements such as total effective rate (TER), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and adverse effects, using the Review Manager web. Results: A total of 9 RCTs were selected. In evaluating the RoB, 2 studies mentioning the random sequence generation, 1 study conducting double blindness, and 8 studies without missing values were evaluated as low risk, while 1 study without mentioning the random sequence generation was evaluated as high risk. All other parts were evaluated as unclear risk. The treatment group (Taeksa-tang or Taeksa-tang-gagam) showed more statistically significant effects compared to the control group (Western medicine or Chinese patent medicine) in TER (RR : 1.24, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.34, P<0.00001), TC (MD : -1.12, 95% CI -1.68 to -0.56, P<0.0001), TG (MD : -1.08, 95% CI -1.65 to -0.51, P=0.0002), HDL-C (MD : 0.63, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.93, P<0.0001), LDL-C (MD : -0.81, 95% CI -1.10 to -0.53, P<0.00001). In addition, the treatment group showed lower adverse effects compared to the control group (RR : 0.30, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.74, P=0.008). Conclusion: This study suggests that Taeksa-tang is effective and safe to use for treating dyslipidemia. However, due to the low quality of the included studies, more clinical studies need to be conducted in the future to increase the possibility of clinical use.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1032-1054
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• 2013

An increase of national R&D has brought the growth of research performance such as paper and patent quantitatively. However, the results of technology transfer and commercialization still leave much to be desired in Korea. Therefore, it has to be drawn up a plan for effective management & application of research performance created by public research institutes. We select four leading institutes (two universities, two government-funded research institutes) that performed efficient performance management & application. Then, we analyze the best practices and suggest contributions. The results show that four institutes build up a framework of performance management & application from research planning to technology transfer and commercialization. At an early planning phase, institutes set up definite needs-oriented goals, and prior review as well as prior art search is executed through experts. Besides, they systematically promote strategic patent management, technology marketing, post management, and so forth. For such a performance management & application process, capabilities have to be supported with regard to specialized organization, system, routine. This study can give an hint to improve performance management & application from public research institutes in Korea.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.79-102
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• 2014

A parallel importation is a non-counterfeit product imported from another country without the permission of the intellectual property owner. It is caused by price differences between countries. Therefore parallel importation are implication in issues of international trade and intellectual property rights(hereafter referred as IPR). This paper provides parallel importation issues of Korea and China under the IPR laws such as patent, trademarks, copyright and analyzes difference between two countries. In China, patent law regulates exhaustion rights which is based theory of a parallel import for the first time unlike trademark law and copyright law. On the other hands, Korea rules parallel importing under Korean customs regulations. In conclusion, two countries have no provisions that advocate a parallel import under IPR laws. This paper suggests some improvements to overcome the limitation of current regulation system and avoid trade friction between two countries. First of all, two countries should clearly make a rule about parallel import in IPR law such as definition of parallel importation, genuine goods, permission conditions, importing proses, penalty and remedy etc. Secondly, two countries should prohibit an abuse of a exclusive import agent's rights and manage a parallel importer not to cause consumer's complain about goods to expansion parallel imports. Finally, two countries should cooperate not to cause disputes about this issue with a communication channel.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.221-254
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• 2016

With increasing interest of health due to population aging, medical device industry is highlighted as a promising industry. However, Korea medical device industry is not enough market competitiveness compared to global company due to a narrow domestic market and a small company structure. In order to retain the national competitiveness, it is necessary that we have to derive a central technology and its trend. This study has predicted a central technology for medical device industrial using patent network analysis. The central technology is defined as a key technology that is connected to most other technologies and that significantly affects them. For the empirical study, we conducted social network analysis using covariance and correlation coefficient between IPC codes extracted from medical device patents, introduced by Jun(2012). A social network is a social structure of diverse items as well as of human beings. In this study, we set each medical device as a node in an SNA and analyze the Degree values between them. Also, Korea health industrial statistics system are utilized for verification of selected central technology. As a result, we found that the central technology is located on the medical device items, which are listed higher the amount of production. The central technology selected through the proposed methodology will provide a inspiration for establishment of R&D policy.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.165-188
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• 2017

Foreign direct investment is the means for companies to enter the overseas market and strengthen their competitiveness. The holding of intellectual properties, representing advantages of firms, may affect foreign direct investment. By expanding previous studies, we define intellectual properties as including trademarks and design as well as patents. Using a random-effect panel data model, we examine the effects of both intellectual properties of Korea and host countries on Korea's foreign direct investment in 128 countries from 1981 to 2014. The results are as follow. First, the coefficients of Korea's intellectual properties, patent, trademark, and design are significantly positive. This implies that Korean firms may invest abroad to take their advantages of technologies, brand value, and the capability of product differentiation. Second, except for patents, intellectual properties of host countries have a positive impact on foreign direct investment. In other words, foreign direct investment to acquire the ability of branding or product design from host countries may occur. Third, the coefficients of Korea's intellectual properties are significantly greater than those of host countries' properties. Foreign direct investment to take advantages of the firms' capabilities overseas is greater than one to acquire knowledge of host countries. Finally, Korea's intellectual properties have a greater positive impact on foreign direct investment in high growth countries than in low growth countries. It is interpreted that Korean firms are more motivated to exploit their intellectual properties in developing countries with a high growth than developed countries. Overall, it is confirmed that Korea's foreign direct investment not only to utilize some advantages but also to seek the brand value or product differentiation ability from host countries can occur. Our findings provide the contribution that some innovative activities in firms and R&D investments policies which encourage the possession of intellectual properties can improve foreign direct investment.