• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2006

본 연구는 중산간지(표고 450m)에서 한우 방목에 적합한 혼파조합을 선발하기 위한 시험으로 $2000{\sim}2001$년(2년간) 남원 운봉에서 혼파조합별 식생비율의 변화, 건물 및 TDN 생산성, 채식량, 사료가치 등을 조사 및 분석 시험하였다. 한우방목 1년차는 주 초종의 비율이 감소하며, 오차드그라스 위주 혼파조합은 44.9%, 페레니얼 라이그라스 위주 혼파조합은 27.6%, 티머시 위주 혼파조합은 40.9%, 이탈리안 라이그라스 위주 혼파조합은 40.7% 감소하였다. 그러나 켄터키 블루그라스와 톨 페스큐는 모든 처리구에서 증가하였다. 또한 이탈리안 라이그라스 위주 혼파조합은 초기생육이 왕성하여 식생비율이 가장 높았으며 방목 2년차에도 44.2%의 식생비율이 유지되었다. 그러나 티머시는 다른 초종에 비해 생육이 늦으며 건물수량도 낮았다. 년차별 평균 목초수량은 1년차 6,673kg, 2년차 10,177kg/ha로 2년차 평균 건물수량은 1년차 건물수량에 비해 53% 증수하였다. 혼파조합별 TDN은 오차드그라스 위주 혼파구 6,399kg/ha, 페레니얼 라이그라스 위주 혼파구 7,769kg/ha, 티머시 위주 혼파구 4,883kg/ha, 이탈리안 라이그라스 위주 혼파구 7,146kg/ha으로 방목초지에서 페레니얼 라이그라스 위주 혼파가 TDN 생산량이 높았으며, 건물 채식량에서는 이탈리안 라이그라스 위주 혼파구가 6,456kg/ha으로 페레니얼 라이그라스 위주 혼파구 6,375kg/ha과 대등하였다. 따라서 한우 육성우 방목에 적합한 혼파조합은 페레니얼 라이그라스 위주 혼파가 오차드그리스. 티머시, 이탈리안 라이그라스 위주 혼파 보다 건물생산량, TDN, 건물 섭취량으로 종합하여 비교할 때 방목적응성이 높은 혼파조합으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1496-1502
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• 2007

The roles of melatonin in the control of deiodinase (MD) activity in cashmere goat skin and associated cashmere fibre growth were investigated. Eighteen half-sib Chinese Inner Mongolia cashmere wethers were allocated randomly to two groups (n = 9/group). One group was implanted subcutaneously with melatonin (2 mg/kg BW) at three 2-monthly intervals while the other group served as a control. All goats were maintained under natural photoperiodic conditions and were grazed on natural pasture. The plasma melatonin concentration showed a significant difference (p<0.01) between the implant group (M) and the control group (C) but plasma $T_4$ (or $T_3$) showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The monodeiodinase type II (MDII) activity in skin tended to increase gradually from the summer solstice to November. During July and August, the activity of MDII for the M group was higher (p<0.05) than that of the C group; also during this period, there was a significant positive correlation between MDII activity of skin and cashmere fibre growth rate. The monodeiodinase type III (MDIII) activity and the ratio of MDIII and MDII tended to decrease from the summer solstice to November. The ratio of MDIII and MDII for the M group was lower (p<0.05) than that of the C group in July and August. The cashmere fibre growth rate of the M group was significantly greater than that of the C group in July (p<0.01), August (p<0.001) and September (p<0.05). The cashmere fibre diameter and guard hair and body weight were not influenced (p>0.05) by melatonin implantation. The results demonstrate that melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of skin MD activity. Simultaneously, the cashmere fibre elongation stimulated by melatonin may result from enhanced MDII activity during a period of two months after melatonin treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.69-78
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• 2015

A non-traditional forage-based protocol was employed to evaluate replacement heifer growth, fertility, and economics between small frame (SF, 3.50; n = 50) and large frame (LF, 5.56; n = 50) heifers using three increasing gain growth phases. Preceding an 85 d growing-breeding period (Phase 3; P3) the heifers were managed as a common group for Phases 1 and 2 (P1 and P2). During P1, heifers grazed common fields of unharvested corn and corn residue (total digestible nutrients [TDN] 56%) with supplemental hay. For P2, heifers grazed early spring crested wheatgrass pasture (CWG; TDN 62%) that was followed by the final P3 drylot growing and breeding period (TDN 68%). Small frame heifers were lighter at the end of P1 in May and at the start of P3 breeding in August (p = 0.0002). Percent of mature body weight (BW) at the end of P1 (209 d) was 48.7% and 46.8%, respectively, for the SF and LF heifers and the percent pubertal was lower for SF than for LF heifers (18.0% vs 40.0%; p = 0.02). At breeding initiation (P3), the percentage of mature BW was 57.8 and 57.2 and the percentage pubertal was 90.0 and 96.0 (p = 0.07) for the SF and LF heifers, respectively; a 5-fold increase for SF heifers. Breeding cycle pregnancy on days 21, 42, and 63, and total percent pregnant did not differ (p>0.10). In drylot, SF heifer dry matter intake (DMI) was 20.1% less (p = 0.001) and feed cost/d was 20.3% lower (p = 0.001), but feed cost/kg of gain did not differ between SF and LF heifers (p = 0.41). Economically important live animal measurements for muscling were measured in May and at the end of the study in October. SF heifers had greater L. dorsi muscle area per unit of BW than LF heifers (p = 0.03). Small frame heifer value was lower at weaning (p = 0.005) and the non-pregnant ending heifer value was lower for SF heifers than for the LF heifers (p = 0.005). However, the total development cost was lower for SF heifers (p = 0.001) and the net cost per pregnant heifer, after accounting for the sale of non-pregnant heifers, was lower for SF heifers (p = 0.004). These data suggest that high breeding efficiency can be attained among March-April born SF and LF virgin heifers when transitioned to a more favorable May-June calving period through the strategic use of grazed and harvested forages resulting in a lower net cost per pregnant SF heifer.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2017

본 연구는 제주지역의 표고 400 m에서 말 방목용으로 적합한 남방형 및 북방형 목초를 활용하여 북방형과 남방형 목초를 혼합하거나 북방형 목초 만을 파종하였고 또한 말의 방목 시 섭취 특성을 고려하여 북방형 목초는 상번초와 하번초로 구별하여 처리를 나누었다. 북방형 목초는 하번초인 캔터기블루그라스(Kentucky bluegrass)와 레드톱(redtop), 상번초인 오차드그라스(orchard grass), 톨페스큐(tall fescue)를 공시하였다. 남방형 및 북방형 혼합 형태에서 처리 1은 하번초 위주로 구성하여 버뮤다그라스에 캔터키부루그라스+레드톱을 혼합하였고, 처리 2는 버뮤다그라스에 상번초인 톨페스큐+오차드그라스를 혼합하였다. 북방형 목초 만으로 혼합한 형태인 처리 3은 하번초 위주인 캔터키부루그라스+레드톱을 혼합하였고 처리 4는 상번초인 톨페스큐와 오차드그라스를 혼합하였다. 제주지역의 표고 400 m에서는 남방형 목초인 버뮤다그라스가 한해 피해를 입어 생육이 저조하였다. 초장은 평균적으로 남방형 및 북방형 목초 혼합구 보다는 북방형 목초 만혼합한 처리구에서 더 크게 자랐으며 특히 상번초인 톨페스큐+오차드그라스를 혼합한 처리구에서 가장 크게 성장하였다. 건물 수량은 남방형 및 북방형 목초 혼합구 보다는 북방형 목초구에서 더 많은 수량을 나타내었고 특히 하번초인 켄터기블루그라스+레드톱 혼합 처리구가 가장 높은 수량은 나타내었다. 식생분포에서는 1차 조사의 경우 처리 1과 처리 2에서 버뮤다그라스가 11.7%, 13.3%으로 저조한 생육을 나타내었는데 이는 겨울철 버뮤다그라스가 한해 피해를 받아 생육이 저조하였고 반면에 켄터키블루그라스, 레드톱, 톨페스큐, 오차드그라스의 생육은 양호 하였다. 2차 조사에서는 처리 1과 처리 2에서 버뮤다그라스가 5.0%, 11.7%으로 1차 조사 때 보다 더욱 생육이 위축되는 경향을 나타내었다. 조단백질과 NDF, ADF의 소화율에서는 남방형 및 북방형 목초를 혼합한 처리구에서 더 우수한 목초의 특성을 나타내었으며 특히 상번초 보다는 하번초 혼합 처리구에서 좋은 값을 나타 내었다. 무기물에서는 남방형 목초인 버뮤다그라스와 북방형 하번초가 혼합한 처리 1의 경우는 P 함량이 비교적 높게 나타났고 Ca, Mg, Mn 함량이 낮게 나타났으며, 남방형 목초와 북방형 상번초인 처리 2는 Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe 함량이 비교적 높게 나타났으며 북방형 하번초로 구성된 처리 3은 K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe의 함량이 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 상의 결과를 살펴볼 때 제주지역 표고 400 m에서 말 방목에 적합한 방법은 남방형 목초는 겨울철 한해 피해로 생육이 저조하여 북방형 하번초위주로 혼합하여 파종하는 것이 좋을 것으로 사료되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1207-1214
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• 2017

Since the industrialization of swine production in the late 1900s, swine farms in the United States, as well as in Europe, have largely become consolidated. Pig farms became larger in size but fewer in number, with 91% of market pigs being produced by large operations with 5,000 or more pigs on-site in the US, and only 3% of the total utilized agricultural land representing organic farming. Such change in the market made it difficult for small farmers to stay competitive, forcing them to find alternative ways to reduce the cost of production and increase profit using the outdoor production system. In contrast to the indoor confinement system, outdoor production system uses pasture-based units and/or deep-bedded hoop structures that promote animal welfare and environmental sustainability with a lower capital investment. In accord with the growing concern for animal and environmental welfare and food safety by the consumers, small farmers practicing an outdoor production system are seeing increased opportunities for marketing their products in the pork niche market. Unlike the general belief that the reproductive and growth performance measures of the outdoor sows and piglets are poorer in comparison with the animals reared indoors, studies showed that there was no significant difference in the performance measures, and some traits were even better in outdoor animals. Improved reproductive and production traits can increase the sustainability of outdoor farming. Present study reviewed the recent studies comparing the performance measures, meat quality and health of indoor and outdoor animals, as well as the efforts to improve the outdoor production system through changes in management such as hut types and breed of animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1270-1277
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• 2017

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the impact of ewe body condition score (BCS) (over a range of 2.0 to 3.0) and nutritional treatments (consisting of differing herbage masses) during very late pregnancy and lactation and their potential interaction on the performance of twin-bearing ewes and their lambs to weaning. Methods: On day 142 of pregnancy, twin-bearing ewes with a BCS of 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0 were allocated to a "Moderate' or 'Unrestricted' nutritional treatment until day 95 of lactation (weaning). The nutritional treatments aimed to achieve average herbage masses of 1,200 to 1,300 kg dry matter (DM)/ha (Moderate) and 1,500 to 1,800 kg DM/ha (Unrestricted). Results: There were no three-way interactions between ewe BCS group, nutritional treatment and time for any ewe or lamb parameter. The nutritional treatments had no effect (p>0.05) on lamb birth or weaning weight. Lambs born to Moderate ewes had greater survival and total litter weight at weaning (p<0.05). Regardless of BCS group, Unrestricted treatment ewes had greater body condition and back-fat depth at weaning than Moderate treatment ewes (p<0.05). Ewes of BCS 2.0 group reared lighter lambs to weaning (p<0.05) and tended to have a lower total litter weight (p = 0.06) than BCS 3.0 group ewes. Conclusion: This study suggests farmers should aim to have all ewes with a BCS of 2.5 or 3 in late pregnancy for optimal lamb weaning performance. Furthermore, there is no benefit to lamb production of offering ewes pasture masses >1,200 kg DM/ha during very late pregnancy and lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.773-788
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• 2003

Ostrich farming is a developing industry in most countries in the world, with farm profitability being largely dependent on the quality of the products, especially skins and meat. To produce quality products, it is essential to ensure that nutrient supply matches the nutrient requirements of ostriches during their growth. To achieve this, information on feed utilisation efficiency and nutrient requirements of ostriches at different maturity stages is required. In South Africa, a number of experiments were carried out to assess the nutritive value of feed and to define the nutrient requirement of ostriches. These data were derived from limited number of birds and the direct application of the results to ostrich farming in Australia and other countries is questionable due to the difference in environment and feed resources. Initially ostrich farmers used data from poultry as a guideline for feed formulation, but in recent years more data has become available for ostriches. Ostriches have a better feed utilisation efficiency and a larger capacity of using high fibre feeds such as pastures than poultry. This review revealed that there are a number of areas there further nutritional research and development is required to ensure the ostriches are provided suitable diets to maximise farm profitability. These include the assessment of the nutritive value of feed ingredients for ostrich chicks and adult birds, the determination of nutrient requirements of ostriches under different farming systems, the development of ostrich diet for producing specific product, and grazing management strategies of ostriches in a crop-pasture rotation system.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1971

A survey on the piroplasma infections for Canadian cows imparted from November 1968 to June 1969 to Kyungpuk, Korea was conducted by means of enumeration of erythrocytes and examination of Giemsa staining blood films from the cows and their calves. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. So-called small type piroplasma (Theileria) infections were suspected in almost all of imported cows and their calves during their first pasture season and mixed infections with so-called large type piroplasma (Babesia) or Eperythrozoon wenyoni were detected in some cows and calves. 2. Fever, anorexia, depression, marked decreased milk production, sever anemia and jundice were observed in the imported cows with havy infection of so-called small type piroplasma (Theileria). And the piroplasma infection was most important cause of deaths of imported cows. 3. Sever anemia, malnutrition and poor growth were observed in many calves from imported cows with havy infection of so-called small type piroplasma(Theileria). 4. Good results were obtained in treating cattle acutely ill with so-called small type piroplasmosis by injection of pamaquine but they may need scond injection 3 to 4 weeks after the first treatment for reapperence of the piroplasma in the erythrocytes.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1991

Tall fescue(Festuca amndinacea Schreb.) is a productive pasture grass that is widely adapted to the soil and climate of Korea. It is regarded, however, as relatively low in palatability and nutritive value. On the other hand, Italian ryegrass(lo1ium rnultz$om Lam.) is highly nutritious and palatable, but is essentially weak in cold tolerance. Numerous investigators have succeeded in producing hybrids between Lolium spp. and Festuca spp. but no improved varieties have resulted. Therefore, intergeneric hybridization of Italian ryegrass with tall fescue is employed in 1984 to improve the adaptive and cold resistance quality of Italian ryegrass. In the mean time, F1-hybrid plants obtained by crossing Italian ryegrass x tall fescue were observed in open field. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Leaf-size and silica cell hair were intermediate between the types of parents but the shape of auricle tended to show Italian ryegrass and auricle-cilia to show tall fescue. 2. Roots of $F_1$-hybrid plants were mainly distributed at top soil and did not produced florescence material. 3. Head type of hybrids was intermediate between the types of parents but ray length was somewhat less than the length of tall fescue ray. Typical Italian ryegrass or tall fescue-like phenotypes were not observed. 4. Anthers of $F_1$-hybrid plants were formed but pollen were not formed. Even though pollen were formed, they were all empty. 5. Hybrid plants were more winterhardy and summer persistency than Italian ryegrass. They showed a equivalent growth to Italian ryegrass in spring and to tall fescue in summer. 6. Chromosome of $F_1$-hybrids was allopolyploid(2n=4~=28) and all $F_1$-hybrid plants were sterile.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2012년도 학술발표회
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• pp.11-17
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• 2012

The Waikato River is New Zealand's longest River, though relatively small on international scales. It drains the central North Island and has New Zealand's largest lake (Lake Taupo) at its headwaters. The upper reaches have sustained flows fed by large aquifers which are recharged by rainfall events providing relatively constant river flows, whereas the lower reaches respond more directly to rainfall events having more peaky flows after rainfall and extreme low flows during dry periods. Consumptive allocation from the river is relatively low with only about 3% of the mean annual flow being allocated. However, more than seven times the river's flow is allocated for non-consumptive purposes before discharging to the Tasman Sea. The majority of this non-consumptive allocation is for hydro power generation and as cooling water at both thermal and geothermal power stations which produce up to 25% of New Zealand's electricity. The upper half of the river has been heavily modified with the construction of eight dams for power generation. This has resulted in a succession of cascading dams replacing the previously uncontrolled river. The Waikato River also provides drinking water for Auckland City (NZ's largest city) and Hamilton City (NZ's 4th largest city). In recent years there has also been considerable growth in water requirements for pasture irrigation to support the intensification of dairy farming in the catchment. Operators of the power stations are concerned that any further consumptive allocation will further reduce their ability to generate electricity. The Waikato Regional Council, who is charged with managing the river and allocation of water, has recently set new rules for managing the conflicting allocation demands on the Waikato River. This has resulted in an end to further allocation of water where it results in a loss of water for electricity generation from renewable resources (fresh water and geothermal water). The exception to this is the prioritisation of water for municipal supplies ahead of other consumptive uses such as industries and irrigators.