• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2016

It is important to uniformly supply the fuel gas into the reaction activity area in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Recent studies have shown that the cell performance can be significantly improved by employing metal foam gas distributor as compared with the conventional bipolar plate types. The metal foam gas distributor has been reported to be more efficient to fuel transport. In this study, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been performed to examine the effects of metal foam flow field design on the fuel supply to the reaction site. Darcy's law is used for the flow in the porous media. By solving additional advection equation for fluid particle trajectory, the gas transport has been visualized and examined for various geometrical configuration of metal foam gas distributor.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.399-410
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• 2022

The solubility and species distribution of radionuclides in groundwater are essential data for the safety assessment of deep underground spent nuclear fuel (SNF) disposal systems. Americium is a major radionuclide responsible for the long-term radiotoxicity of SNF. In this study, the solubility of americium compounds was evaluated in synthetic groundwater (SynDB3), simulating groundwater from the DB3 site of the KAERI Underground Research Tunnel. Geochemical modeling was performed using the ThermoChimie_11a thermochemical database. Concentration of dissolved Am(III) in Syn-DB3 in the pH range of 6.4-10.5 was experimentally measured under over-saturation conditions by liquid scintillation counting over 70 d. The absorption spectra recorded for the same period suggest that Am(III) colloidal particles formed initially followed by rapid precipitation within 2 d. In the pH range of 7.5-10.5, the concentration of dissolved Am(III) converged to approximately 2×10^-7 M over 70 d, which is comparable to that of the amorphous AmCO₃OH(am) according to the modeling results. As the samples were aged for 70 d, a slow equilibrium process occurred between the solid and solution phases. There was no indication of transformation of the amorphous phase into the crystalline phase during the observation period.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.493-502
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• 2009

The concentrations of outdoor airborne bacteria measured in Seoul, Korea for one year (Jan. 2008~Dec. 2008) ranged from $500CFU/m^3$ to $7,500CFU/m^3$. In monthly concentration distribution, the level of outdoor airborne bacteria was highest in September and October and lowest in March. In seasonal concentration distribution, the order of level of outdoor airborne bacteria was autumn>winter>spring>summer. In regional concentration distribution, the highest level of outdoor airborne bacteria was generally found in the forest, followed by general area and traffic site. In distribution characteristics according to particle size, outdoor airborne bacteria showed 31% for >$7.0{\mu}m$ (stage 1), 21% for $4.7{\sim}7.0{\mu}m$(stage 2), 15% for $3.3{\sim}4.7{\mu}m$(stage 3), 19% for $2.1{\sim}3.3{\mu}m$(stage 4), 10% for $1.1{\sim}2.1{\mu}m$(stage 5), and 4% for $0.65{\sim}1.1{\mu}m$(stage 6) and its mean respirable fraction was 48%. In concentration distribution by yellow dust, the mean levels of outdoor airborne bacteria were 803 $(\pm479)CFU/m^3$ for period of yellow dust and 691 $(\pm1,134)CFU/m^3$ for period of non-yellow dust. Although the level of outdoor airborne bacteria was higher in period of yellow dust than period of non-yellow dust, there was no significant difference between period of yellow dust and non-yellow dust (p>0.05). In correlation analysis between outdoor airborne bacteria and atmospheric factors (temperature and relative humidity), there was no significant correlation between outdoor airborne bacteria and atmospheric factors. The predominant airborne bacteria were identified to the Bacillus-derived species.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.418-429
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• 2018

Measurements of 24-hr size-segregated ambient particles were made at an urban site of Gwangju under high pressure conditions occurred in the Korean Peninsula late in March 2018. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of air stagnation on mass size distributions and formation pathways of water-soluble organic and inorganic components. During the study period, the $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NH_4{^+}$, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and humic-like substances(HULIS) exhibited mostly bi-modal size distributions peaking at 1.0 and $6.2{\mu}m$, with predominant droplet modes. In particular, outstanding droplet mode size distributions were observed on March 25 when a severe haze occurred due to stable air conditions and long range transport of aerosol particles from northeastern regions of China. Air stagnation conditions and high relative humidity during the study period resulted in accumulation of primary aerosol particles from local emission sources and enhanced formation of secondary ionic and organic aerosols through aqueous-phase oxidations of $SO_2$, $NO_2$, $NH_3$, and volatile organic compounds, leading to their dominant droplet mode size distributions at particle size of $1.0{\mu}m$. From the size distribution of $K^+$ in accumulation mode, it can be inferred that in addition to the secondary organic aerosol formations, accumulation mode WSOC and HULIS could be partly attributed to biomass burning emissions.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.131-141
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• 2023

In this study, the relationship between organic carbon distribution characteristics and decomposition rate classified according to the particle size and biological degradation characteristics in water was investigated for the Nam river and Geumho river. The average concentrations of TOC in the Nam river and Geumho river were 2.7±1.2 mg/L and 5.0±1.2 mg/L, respectively, but the composition ratios for each type of organic carbon were similar. An average value of 80.9% of TOC was present as DOC and 72.8% of DOC consisted of Refractory-DOC (RDOC). In addition, the change in the RDOC composition ratio according to temporal and spatial distribution was the smallest. There was no difference in the decomposition rate of organic carbon except for TOC by the site (p≥0.108, one-way ANOVA), and the decomposition rates of Labile-POC (LPOC) and LDOC were similar at 0.139±0.102 and 0.137±0.149 day^-1, respectively (p=0.110, paired t-test). The coefficient of variation (CV) of the decomposition rate of DOC (average 8.1%), which had the smallest composition ratio of organic carbon, was 1.1, showing the largest temporal variation. The TOC, POC, and DOC decomposition rates showed a significant correlation with the ratio of the initial concentration to the concentration after 25 days of decomposition (OC₂₅/OC₀) (r²=0.89~0.94, p<0.001), and the decomposition rates of LPOC and LDOC were significantly correlated with the ratio of the initial concentration to the concentration after 5 days of decomposition (LOC₅/LOC₀) (r²=0.67~0.75). This suggests that it is possible to estimate the decomposition rate through the concentration of each type of organic carbon.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate seasonal distributions of fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at three cities. $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected on glass fiber filters at urban (Chuncheon), metropolitan (Seoul), and industrial complex sites (Ulsan) from September, 2002 to February, 2004 using the Andersen FH 95 Particulate Sampler. About five 24-hour samples were collected from each site per season. The filters were analyzed for mass and six selected PAHs concentrations. $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were the highest either in winter or spring, which could be attributed to the increase of fossil fuel combustion in winter or the transport of yellow sand to the Korean peninsula from China in spring, respectively. Regional $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were higher in the order of Seoul>Chuncheon>Ulsan without statistical difference among cities. The filters were extracted using dichloromethane in an ultrasonicator and analyzed for six PAHs (anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[a]pyrene) with HPLC. Total PAHs concentrations were statistically different among seasons in each site, and the highest concentrations were observed in winter at each sampling site. For total samples collected, the median total PAHs concentrations in Chuncheon ($4.6ng/m^3$) and Seoul ($4.4ng/m^3$) were approximately two times higher than that in Ulsan ($2.1ng/m^3$). Chrysene was a component found in the highest proportion among total PAHs at each site. Carcinogenic risks calculated based on the BaP toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) over the whole sampling period were higher in the order of Chuncheon>Seoul>Ulsan. This study suggests that the atmosphere of Chuncheon is contaminated with particulate matter and PAHs at the levels equivalent to those of Seoul and that an appropriate measure needs to be taken to mitigate human health risks from inhalation exposure to airborne fine particles.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.98-106
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• 1999

본 연구는 춘천 가리산 지역의 상걸임도를 대상으로 성토사면의 토질력학적 특성을 파악하여 사면안정해석 및 대책공법의 수립을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자, 겉보기 토질분류기준인 토사, 호박돌토사, 풍화암 사면에서 토사를 채취하여 시험을 실시하였다. 각 토양시험으로부터 흙의 입도분석(KS F 2302), 흙의 액성한계시험 (KS F 2303), 흙의 소성한계시험(KS F 2304), 흙의 함수량시험(KS F 2306), 흙의 비중시험 (KS F 2308)을 실시하였다. 또한 각 사면에 대해 흙의 입도분석을 통하여 입경분포, 균등계수, 곡률계수를, 흙의 함수량시험과 흙의 비중시험을 통하여 흙의 건조밀도와 비중을 산출하였다. 그 결과, 통일분류법에 의한 토질분류는 SW, SP, GP로, 건조밀도는 $2.52{\sim}2.60g/cm^3$, 비중은 1.39~1.43으로 나타났으며, 소성지수는 비소성 상태인 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2010

Aerosol observation with Raman LIDAR in NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan) LIDAR network was conducted from 17 April to 12 June 2008 over Beijing, China. The aerosol optical properties derived from Raman LIDAR were compared with the retrieved data from sun photometer and sky radiometer observations in the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). The comparison provided the complete knowledge of aerosol optical and physical properties in Beijing, especially in pollution and Asian dust events. The averaged aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 675 nm was 0.81 and the Angstrom exponent between 440 nm and 675 nm was 0.99 during experiment. The LIDAR derived AOD at 532 nm in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) was 0.48, which implied that half of the total AOD was contributed by the aerosol in PBL. The corresponding averaged LIDAR ratio and total depolarization ratio (TDR) were 48.5sr and 8.1%. The negative correlation between LIDAR ratio and TDR indicated the LIDAR ratio decreased with aerosol size because of the high TDR associated with nonspherical and large aerosols. The typical volume size distribution of the aerosol clearly demonstrated that the coarse mode radius located near 3 ${\mu}m$ in dust case, a bi-mode with fine particle centered at 0.2 ${\mu}m$ and coarse particle at 2 ${\mu}m$ was the characteristic size distribution in the pollution and clean cases. The different size distributions of aerosol resulted in its different optical properties. The retrieved LIDAR ratio and TDR were 41.1sr and 19.5% for a dust event, 53.8sr and 6.6% for a pollution event as well as 57.3sr and 7.2% for a clean event. In conjunction with the observed surface wind field near the LIDAR site, most of the pollution aerosols were produced locally or transported from the southeast of Beijing, whereas the dust aerosols associated with the clean air mass were transported by the northwesterly or southwesterly winds.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2003

새만금 갯벌의 입조조성 및 유기물질 분포 특성을 조사하기 위해 1999년 갯벌 91개를 채취하여 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 입도의 특성을 보면 새만금 갯벌은 사질이 우세하였고, 세립한 제이차 혼합물인 실트질이 추가된 반면 Clay 함량은 매우 낮게 나타났다. 평균값의 범위는 $4.60\~10.90\;{\phi}$이었고 분급도 범위는 $-0.1\~1.75\;{\phi}$이었다. 그리고 왜도의 범위는 $-1.0\~0.92\;{\phi}$이었으며 첨도의 범위는 $0.27\~6.75\;{\phi}$를 보였다. 그러므로 새만금 방조제 공사에 의해 갯벌은 심한 변화 양상을 보이는 것을 알 수 있었다. 유기물질과 관련된 항목을 살펴보면, ORP의 범위는 -133$\~$200 mV로 평균 73 mV의 산화 상태를 나타내었지만 전체 91개 지점 중 24개 지점에서 환원상태를 나타내고 있었다 CODs의 농도범위는 $17.54\~6,176.25\;mg/kg$을 보였고 총탄소와 총황의 비 (S/C)는 0.02$\~$0.45 (평균0.24) 범위를 보였다. 그러므로 새만금 갯벌은 아직까지는 육상에서 유입되는 인위적인 유기 오염물의 영향을 비교적 적게 받는 것으로 사료되었다. 이상의 결과를 보면 새만금 갯벌은 사질이며 육상에서 유입되는 유기물 오염이 낮아 수산생물 생육 장소로 적합하므로 계속 보존하는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각되며 앞으로도 지속적인 조사연구가 이루어져야 한다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.339-349
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• 2007

다양한 광석 유형을 이루는 풍촌층 석회석에 대해서 제지 산업용 충전재로서의 적용가능성을 검토하기 위해 전기영동광산란 분광광도계와 주사전자현미경을 사용하여 석회석 미분체의 입도 및 형상을 비롯한 제반 광물 특성을 조사하였다. 또한 습식 제지 공정에서의 적용성과 효율성을 검증하기 위해 미분체의 현탁액 상에서 제타전위를 측정하고 응집 특성을 평가하였다. 풍촌층 석회석의 미분체는 원광의 광물 특성에 규제되어 광석 유형별로 서로 다른 형상 성향을 보이고 이에 따라 미세입도 분포, 제타전위 그리고 응집 특성도 다르게 나타난다. 또한 실험적으로 제작된 초지 상에서 측정된 백색도, 명도, 불투명도 및 인장강도도 석회석의 광석 유형에 따라 역시 현격한 차이를 보인다. 이는 기본적으로는 석회석 미분체의 백색도, 입도, 굴절률과 같은 광학적 성질과 분체의 형상 특성이 복합적으로 작용한 결과에 기인한 것으로 여겨진다. 이 연구 결과에 의하면, 제지 용도로의 활용 면에서 풍촌층 석회석의 모든 광석 유형들은 충분히 적용될 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다. 특히 명도와 백색도면에서 높은 수치를 나타내는 거정질 방해석형 광석이 전반적으로 제지 용도로 유리한 입장에 있는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 미정질 방해석형 광석은 불규칙한 입자의 형상으로 인해 특히 인장강도 면에서 좋은 품질 조건을 갖춘 것으로 평가된다.