• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.196-201
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 최근 들어 대도시 대기오염물질의 주요 배출원 중 하나로 대두되고 있는 음식점 고기구이로부터 배출되는 미세먼지의 배출 특성에 대하여 연구한 것이다. 본 연구에서는 돼지고기와 소고기의 구이 시 발생되는 미세 입자상물질의 배출특성을 파악하기 위해 고기구이 시 발생되는 미세먼지를 효과적으로 채취할 수 있는 고기구이 챔버를 제작하였으며, 다단충돌식 입경분립기와 광산란식의 미세먼지 측정기를 사용하였다. 연구 결과 다단충돌식 입경분립기를 사용하여 측정한 미세먼지 농도 결과에서는 전반적으로 돼지고기의 경우가 소고기보다 높게 나타났다. 미세먼지의 입경분포 특성을 살펴본 결과 돼지고기와 소고기 모두 $1.95{\sim}3.2{\mu}m$의 입경에서 가장 높은 농도를 나타냈다. 고기 1 kg당 배출되는 미세먼지의 배출계수는 돼지생고기, 돼지양념고기, 소생고기, 소양념고기에서 각각 1.36 g/kg, 1.03 g/kg, 1.23 g/kg과 0.92 g/kg으로 나타났다. 광산란식 측정기를 사용하여 측정한 결과에서는 돼지고기와 소고기 모두 $1.6{\sim}2.5{\mu}m$와 $2.5{\sim}3.5{\mu}m$ 입경에서 가장 높은 농도로 나타나 $2.5{\mu}m$를 중심으로 높은 농도로 나타난 다단충돌식 결과와 유사한 특성을 보였다. 광산란식에 의해 측정된 배출계수는 돼지생고기, 돼지양념고기, 소생고기, 소양념고기에서 각각 3.37 g/kg, 2.76 g/kg, 2.93 g/kg과 2.77 g/kg으로 나타나 다단충돌식 결과보다 2배에서 3배 이상 높게 측정되었다. 또한 $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$의 비는 돼지생고기, 돼지양념, 소생고기, 소양념고기에서 각각 0.56, 0.58, 0.56 그리고 0.58로 나타나 중량농도에서도 $PM_{2.5}$가 많음을 알 수 있었다. 중량농도를 입자의 비중을 1로 가정하여 산출한 개수농도로 환산한 결과를 보면 다단충돌식 입경분립기로 측정한 결과는 $10^{19}$개로 나타났고, 광산란식으로 측정한 결과에서는 $10^{16}$개 수준으로 나타나 다단충돌식 입경분립기의 경우에서 보다 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.13-22
• /
• 2017

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels of door-to-door deliverers to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Another objective was to confirm the general working patterns of door-to-door deliverers via survey. Methods: In the city of Daegu, ten door-to-door deliverers who wished to join the study were recruited. The general working characteristics of door-to-door deliverers were surveyed using self-reported questionnaires. In the cabin of each car driven by a deliverer, a real-time PM2.5 sampler (Sidepak, Model AM510, TSI Inc., MN, USA) and a GPS device (GPS 741, Ascen, Korea) were installed. Each deliverer was monitored for four days per week so that each day could be monitored at least four times. Results: A total of 40 measurements of PM2.5 concentrations were taken during delivery of parcels. The average exposure levels of door-to-door deliverers to PM2.5 was $44.62{\mu}g/m^3$ ($7-9443{\mu}g/m^3$. Exposure levels to PM2.5 according to the day of the week and coverage areas were not significantly different (p>0.05). Door-to-door deliverers using trucks with older diesel engines manufactured before 2006 had significantly higher exposure levels to PM2.5 than in the case of trucks with diesel engines manufactured after 2006 (p<0.05). Many of the door-to-door deliverers reported the status of having windows open during the delivery task. During delivery services, the working hours spent in residential areas were higher than on roadsides, but exposure levels to PM2.5 in residential areas and on roadsides were $46.17{\mu}g/m^3$ and $49.90{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Real-time PM2.5 exposure levels were significantly different between roadways and residential areas (p<0.001). Conclusions: PM2.5 exposure levels of door-to-door deliverers were found to be affected by higher vehicle emissions from the roadsides near their vehicle during deliveries and while driving to other locations compared to by PM2.5 from the diesel engines of their own trucks. Particle concentrations from roadsides and emissions from nearby vehicles through open windows were the main source of PM2.5.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제13권12호
• /
• pp.1067-1078
• /
• 2004

Atmospheric particulate matters were collected by 8-stage non viable cascade impactor from October 2002 to August at Jeju City. Eight water-soluble ionic components $(Na^+,\;NH_{4}_{+},\;K^+,\;Ca{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;CI^-,\;NO_{3}^-\;and\;SO_{4}^{2-})$ were analyzed by Ion Chromatography. The concentration of particulate matters and eight water-soluble ionic components were determined to investigate their size distributions. Particulate matters exhibited a tri-modal distribution with peak value around $0.9,\;4.0{\mu}m\;and\;9.5{\mu}m.$ In summer, the last peak value was lower than other season values likely due to particulate matter scavenged by rain water. Four ionic components $(Na^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+}\;and\;CI^-)$ exhibited a bi-modal distribution in the coarse mode whereas three ionic components $(NH_{4}^+,\;K^+\;and\;SO_{4}^{2-})$ in the fine mode, with maximum peak value around $0.9{\mu}m.\;NO_{3}^-$ was found in both the coarse and the fine mode. The enrichment factor (E.F.) of each ionic components was calculated. Based upon E.F., it is considered that $Na^+,\;CI^-,\;and\;K^+$ in coarse paricle mode were delivered form oceanic source, but other components might have other source origins.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제20권7호
• /
• pp.299-309
• /
• 2019

여자만 북서해역에 위치하는 꼬막 양식어장의 해양환경 중 먹이생물 특성을 파악하기 위해 2017년 5월에서 11월까지 계절별로 7개 정점의 표층과 저층을 대상으로 조사를 실시하여, 먹이생물 항목인 Chlorophyll a (Chl-a), 입자태 유기탄소(POC), 입자태 유기질소(PON) 및 POC/PON ratio, POC/Chl-a ratio 등을 분석 및 산출하였다. 결과 Chl-a 농도, POC 및 PON은 각각 $1.69-7.68{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$(표층 평균 $3.48{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$), 0.88-2.58 mM(평균 1.97 mM) 및 0.17-0.90 mM(평균 0.54 mM)을 나타내어, 봄과 여름에 높고 가을에 낮은 농도를 보였다. 우점 출현하여, 기존 결과와는 다른 결과를 나타내었다. 수층별로는 Chl-a와 POC는 저층이 표층보다 높았고, PON은 표층이 저층보다 높았다. POC/PON ratio 및 POC/Chl-a ratio는 각각 1.56-7.88 (표층 평균 3.71) 및 216-967 (표층 평균 700)를 나타내어, 탄소원 대부분은 표층퇴적물에 침강 축적된 입자태 유기물로서 식물플랑크톤에 의한 기여부분이 낮은 것으로 평가되었다. 이러한 결과는 여자막 북서해역의 꼬막양식장의 먹이자원은 양적으로는 풍부한 것처럼 보이지만, 질적으로는 매우 불량한 것으로 평가되었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제45권2호
• /
• pp.126-133
• /
• 2019

Objectives: In this study, a nine-stage cascade impactor was used to collect dust, and the concentration of $PM_{2.1}$ & $PM_{10}$ and alveolar deposition ratio were investigated. Methods: This study was conducted at Kunsan National University from May to June 2016. A nine-stage Cascade Impactor was used to analyze the concentrations of fine and ultrafine dust and to estimate the alveolar deposition rate by particle size of atmospheric dust particles. The pore size of each stage of the collector used in this study gradually increased from F to 0, with the F-stage as the last stage. Results: The mass fraction of PM showed a bimodal distribution divided into $PM_{2.1}$ & $PM_{10}$ based on $2.1-3.1{\mu}m$. The average mass fraction of particulate matter in the range of $2.1-3.1{\mu}m$ was 44%, and the area occupied by $PM_{2.1}$ was similar. Therefore, the Gunsan area is considered to be a region where there are similar effects from anthropogenic and natural sources. Conclusion: Dust collecting efficiency increased with the stage of collecting fine dust, and the efficiency of collection was very low at the stage of collecting ultra-fine dust. The seasonal overall efficiency of the Cascade Impactor was 44% in spring and 37.4% in summer, and the average overall efficiency was 40.7%. The alveolar deposition rate of $PM_{2.1}/PM_{10}$ during the sampling period was estimated to be about 75% deposited in the alveoli.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제13권11호
• /
• pp.5601-5609
• /
• 2012

본 논문은 포항철강공단 및 주변지역의 보건 및 환경영향 인자를 확인하기 위하여 미세먼지($PM_{10}$) 농도와 성분을 측정 및 분석하였다. 또한 지역대기자동측정망 자료를 이용하여 연별, 계절별 $PM_{10}$ 농도분포를 조사하였다. 공단지역 내 $PM_{10}$을 측정한 결과, 동일산업에서 측정된 $PM_{10}$ 평균농도는 $61.3{\pm}12.1{\mu}g/m^3$, 철강공단관리사무소에서 측정된 $PM_{10}$ 평균농도는 $44.3{\pm}8.1{\mu}g/m^3$으로 나타나 대기환경기준을 만족하였다. 공단지역 동일산업과 철강공단관리사무소에서 측정된 $PM_{10}$ 중 이차생성 이온인 ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $NH_4{^+}$의 분율을 확인한 결과, ${SO_4}^{2-}$의 분율이 높게 나타났고, 황산염과 관련된 오염원이 철강공단지역에 존재하는 것으로 판단된다. 전체적으로 동일산업 지점에서는 ${SO_4}^{2-}$ > $Cl^-$ > $NO_3{^-}$ > $F^-$ > $NH_4{^+}$ 순으로 나타났고, 철강공단관리사무소 지점에서는 ${SO_4}^{2-}$ > $Cl^-$ > $NO_3{^-}$ > $NH_4{^+}$ > $F^-$ 순으로 나타났다.

• 농촌계획
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.137-147
• /
• 2013

Most of livestock houses are concentrated in certain area with mass rearing system resulting in rapid spread of infectious diseases such as HPAI (highly pathogenic avian influenza). The livestock-related vehicles which frequently travel between farms could be a major factor for disease spread by means of transmission of airborne aerosol including pathogens. This study was focused on the quantitative measurement of aerosol concentration by field experiment while vehicles were passing through the road. The TSP (total suspended particle) and PM10 (particle matter) were measured using air sampler with teflon filter installed downward the road with consideration of weather forecast and the direction of road. And aerosol spectrometer and video recorders were also used to measure the real-time distribution of aerosol concentration by its size. The results showed that PM2.5 was not considerable for transmission of airborne aerosol from the livestock-related vehicle. The mass generated from the road during the vehicle movement was measured and calculated to 241.4 ${\mu}g/m^3$ by means of the difference between TSP and PM2.5. The dispersion distance was predicted by 79.6 m from the trend curve.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.29-43
• /
• 2011

The seasonal characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were evaluated through the measurement of $PM_{10}$ (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 ${\mu}m$) and $PM_{2.5}$ (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 ${\mu}m$) collected in the downtown area of Iksan city over roughly two weeks in each season of 2004. During the sampling period, 54 samples of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were collected and then measured for mass concentrations of PM and its water-soluble inorganic ion species. The concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were highly variable on a daily time scale in all seasons, especially in fall. Annual concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were $54.7{\pm}21.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $34.0{\pm}13.4\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The daily concentrations of the analyzed ions similarly showed a pronounced variation, although a difference between seasons existed. Among them, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$ and $NH_4^+$ were the most abundant ions in all seasons, contributing up to 32% of $PM_{10}$ and 39% of $PM_{2.5}$. The contribution of $SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ showed a seasonal variation, as $SO_4^{2-}$ was the highest during spring and summer and $NO_3^-$ was the highest during fall and winter. Non-seasalt $SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were found to exist mainly as neutralized chemical components of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$ due to the high concentration of $NH_4^+$ in PM samples, which were a major form of airborne PM in all seasons. Seasonal characteristics of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in Iksan were described in relation to the temporal variations of daily concentration of PM and its inorganic ion species including inter-particle reactions.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.300-312
• /
• 2017

To improve the understanding of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photo-oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic precursors at the regional background station on Baengnyeong Island, Korea, gas phase and aerosol chemistries were investigated using the Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) and the Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), respectively. HR-ToF-AMS measured fine particles ($PM_1$; diameter of particle matter less than $1{\mu}m$) at a 6-minute time resolution from February to November 2012, while PTR-ToF-MS was deployed during an intensive period from September 21 to 29, 2012. The one-minute time-resolution and high mass resolution (up to $4000m{\Delta}m^{-1}$) data from the PTR-ToF-MS provided the basis for calculations of the concentrations of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs). The dominant BVOCs from the site are isoprene (0.23 ppb), dimethyl sulphide (DMS, 0.20 ppb), and monoterpenes (0.38 ppb). Toluene (0.45 ppb) and benzene (0.32 ppb) accounted for the majority of anthropogenic VOCs (AVOCs). OVOCs including acetone (3.98 ppb), acetaldehyde (2.67 ppb), acetic acid (1.68 ppb), and formic acid (2.24 ppb) were measured. The OVOCs comprise approximately 75% of total measured VOCs, suggesting the occurrence of strong oxidation processes and/or long-range transported at the site. A strong photochemical aging and oxidation of the atmospheric pollutants were also observed in aerosol measured by HR-ToF-AMS, whereby a high $f_{44}:f_{43}$ value is shown for organic aerosols (OAs); however, relatively low $f_{44}:f_{43}$ values were observed when high concentrations of BVOCs and AVOCs were available, providing evidence of the formation of SOA from VOC precursors at the site. Overall, the results of this study revealed several different SOA formation mechanisms, and new particle formation and particle growth events were identified using the powerful tools scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), PTR-ToF-MS, and HR-ToF-AMS.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.327-334
• /
• 2017

Epidemiologic interest in particulate matter (PM) is growing particularly because of its impact of respiratory health. It has been elucidated that PM evoked inflammatory signal in pulmonary epithelia. However, it has not been established $Ca^{2+}$ signaling mechanisms involved in acute PM-derived signaling in pulmonary fibroblasts. In the present study, we explored dust particles PM modulated intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ signaling and sought to provide a therapeutic strategy by antagonizing PM-induced intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ signaling in human lung fibroblasts MRC5 cells. We demonstrated that PM10, less than $10{\mu}m$, induced intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ signaling, which was mediated by extracellular $Ca^{2+}$. The PM10-mediated intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ signaling was attenuated by antioxidants, phospholipase blockers, polyADPR polymerase 1 inhibitor, and transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) inhibitors. In addition, PM-mediated increases in reactive oxygen species were attenuated by TRPM2 blockers, clotrimazole (CLZ) and N-(p-amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (ACA). Our results showed that PM10 enhanced reactive oxygen species signal by measuring DCF fluorescence and the DCF signal attenuated by both TRPM2 blockers CLZ and ACA. Here, we suggest functional inhibition of TRPM2 channels as a potential therapeutic strategy for modulation of dust particle-mediated signaling and oxidative stress accompanying lung diseases.