• 제목/요약/키워드: Particle Size Distribution(PSD)

검색결과 44건 처리시간 0.025초

반응표면분석법-중심합성계획을 이용한 최적 응집제 주입량 산정 연구 (Optimization of coagulant dosage using response surface methodology with central composite design)

  • 김예슬;오재일
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.193-202
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    • 2015
  • The determining the appropriate dosage of coagulant is very important, because dosage of coagulant in the coagulation process for wastewater affects removing the amount of pollutants, cost, and producing sludge amount. Accordingly, in this study, in order to determine the optimal PAC dosage in the coagulation process, CCD (Central composite design) was used to proceed experimental design, and the quadratic regression models were constructed between independent variables (pH, influent turbidity, PAC dosage) and each response variable (Total coliform, E.coli, PSD (Particle size distribution) (< $10{\mu}m$), TP, $PO_4$-P, and $COD_{cr}$) by the RSM (Response surface methodology). Also, Considering the various response variables, the optimum PAC dosage and range were derived. As a result, in order to maximize the removal rate of total coliform and E.coli, the values of independent variables are the pH 6-7, the influent turbidity 100-200 NTU, and the PAC dosage 0.07-0.09 ml/L. For maximizing the removal rate of TP, $PO_4$-P, $COD_{cr}$, and PSD(< $10{\mu}m$), it is required for the pH 9, the influent turbidity 200-250 NTU, and the PAC dosage 0.05-0.065 ml/L. In the case of multiple independent variables, when the desirable removal rate for total coliform, E.coli, TP, and $PO_4$-P is 90-100 % and that for $COD_{cr}$ and PSD(< $10{\mu}m$) is 50-100 %, the required PAC dosage is 0.05-0.07 ml/L in the pH 9 and influent turbidity 200-250 NTU. Thus, if the influent turbidity is high, adjusting pH is more effective way in terms of cost since a small amount of PAC dosage is required.

풍화잔류토의 생성모델의 제안 (A Proposal of a Model for the Generation of Weathered Residual Soils)

  • 민덕기;이완진
    • 한국지반공학회논문집
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    • 제20권9호
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    • pp.47-56
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    • 2004
  • 본 연구에서는 풍화잔류토의 생성을 특성화시키는 새로운 분열모델을 제안하였으며, GRS모델이라고 명명하였다. GRS 모델은 풍화가 많이 진행될수록 흙 입자의 크기가 작아지고 흙 속의 간극이 많아진다는 사실에 착안하였으며, 프랙탈 이론으로부터 도출된 $P_F$(분열가능성)로써 풍화잔류토의 생성과정을 표현할 수 있다. 암석이 분열됨으로써 흙 입자들이 생성되며 암석의 분열은 단계별로 진행되지만 각 단계별 분열가능성은 일정하지 않다는 것이 GRS모델의 기본개념이다. GRS모델의 적용성을 검증한 결과, 입자들의 잔류량이 많은 입경에서 $P_{Fi}$(분열단계별 분열가능성)가 작게 산출되었고, 입도분포가 양호할수록 크게 산출되었다. 일반적인 흙에서 나타나는 S자형상의 입도분포곡선은 $P_{Fi}$가 높은 오목형상에서 나타났으며, $P_{Fi}$의 변화형상이 볼록하면서 높은 값을 가질경우에는 빈입도의 입도분포특성을 나타내었다. 전반적으로 $P_{Fi}$가 작은 경우에는 $P_{Fi}$의 변화형상에 관계없이 큰 입자의 잔류량이 많은 오목한 형상의 입도분포곡선을 나타내었다. $P_{Fi}$의 평균값은 균등계수$(C_u)$와 분열프랙탈차원$(D_r)$에 비례하여 증가하였으나, 곡률계수$(C_C)$와는 무관하였다.

강우유출수의 침투시 부하저감을 위한 경사관 침전장치의 효율평가 (Evaluation of Particle Removal Rate in Inclined-pipe Settling System for Stormwater Infiltration)

  • 김상래;김동근;문정수;한무영
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제23권6호
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    • pp.719-726
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    • 2009
  • One of the alternative runoff management measures is on-site runoff mitigation, such as rainwater retention tank and infiltration facilities especially the latter that is possible to manage simultaneously runoff quality and quantity as a perspective of water-cycle. This study was conducted to develop a particle separator, inclined-pipe settling system, that could improve particle removal efficiency of road runoff as a pre-treatment device of stormwater infiltration. Solid particles larger than $100{\mu}m$ are separated by simple sedimentation; however, the significant amount of pollutants with a diameter less than $100{\mu}m$ remain in suspension. Without any treatment in that case of the runoff into infiltrate, groundwater would be deteriorated and also infiltration rate would be decreased by clogging. Therefore, we suggest optimal design parameters (inclined angle, pipe length, and surface loading rate) of inclined-pipe settling system which can be designed to effectively remove particles diameter smaller then $70{\mu}m$. Thus, the results showed TSS removal efficiency more than 80% with a particle diameter between $20{\mu}m$ and $70{\mu}m$, 100% above particle diameter $70{\mu}m$ for the inflow rate $0.018 m^3/m^2{\cdot}hr$ with pipe inclined at angle $15^{\circ}$.

슬릿노즐기반 응집·공기부상공정을 통한 유류폐수 전처리 (Pre-treatment of oily wastewater using a coagulation-DAF process with slit-nozzle)

  • 최상기;김영모
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제32권6호
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    • pp.479-485
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    • 2018
  • Large amounts of oily wastewater discharged from various industrial operations (petroleum refining, machinery industries and chemical industries) cause serious pollution in the aquatic environment. Although dissolved air flotation (DAF) separating oil pollutants using microbubbles represents current practice, bubble size cannot be selectively controlled, and lots of power is required to generate microbubbles. Therefore, to investigate performance of the DAF process, this study examined the distribution of different sizes of microbubbles resulting from changes in physical shear force via modifying shapes of a slit-nozzle without an additional power supply. Three types of slit-nozzles (different angle, shape and length of the slit-nozzle) were used to analyze the distribution of bubble size. At a slit angle of $60^{\circ}$, shear force was 4.29 times higher than a conventional slit, and particle size distribution (PSD) in the range between 2 and $20{\mu}m$ more than doubled. Treatment efficiency of synthetic oily wastewater through the coagulation-DAF process achieved 90% removal of COD by injecting $FeCl_3$ and PACl of 250 mg/L and 100 mg/L, respectively, and the same performance resulted using $FeCl_3$ of 200 mg/L and PACl of 80 mg/L employing a slit-nozzle angle of $60^{\circ}$. This study shows that a coagulation-DAF process using a modified slit-nozzle can improve the pre-treatment of oily wastewater.

높은 제타전위를 갖는 단분산의 블루착색 고분자미립자의 제조 (Preparation of Monodisperse Blue-colored Polymeric Particles with High Zeta-potential)

  • 이기창;남상용
    • 접착 및 계면
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    • 제13권3호
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    • pp.109-115
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    • 2012
  • 2단계 유화중합에 의한 단분산의 블루칼라 착색 poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) 라텍스를 성공적으로 제조하였다. 0.21 ${\mu}m$의 polystyrene 시드를 이용하여 중합 2단계에서 Blue 606 염료와 acrylic acid의 중합으로 carboxyl 음이온을 갖는 블루칼라 라텍스를 합성하였다. 본 연구에서 제조한 블루칼라 라텍스는 모두 1.01 이하의 우수한 단분산도를 가지며 0.25~0.42 ${\mu}m$ 범위의 입자경을 나타내었다. 중합 2단계에서 acrylic acid 부가시간이 늘어남에 따라 입자경은 증가하였고 30 min 이상으로 늘어남에 따라 콜로이드 안정성을 갖는 블루칼라 라텍스가 제조되었다. 20 wt% AA 농도에서 -145 mV의 제타전위와 $-9.4{\times}10^{-6}\;cm^2/Vs$의 전기영동이동도를 나타내었다. 25 wt% DVB 농도하에서 396.7 K의 높은 유리전이온도를 나타내었다.

국내 도석 광물의 물리화학적 물성 및 도자기 원료로서 소결 특성 평가 (Physicochemical properties and sintering behavior of pottery stone as a raw material in porcelain products)

  • 김종영;김응수;황광택
    • 한국결정성장학회지
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    • 제29권5호
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    • pp.192-202
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    • 2019
  • 국내에서 생산되는 태백도석, 해남도석, 압해도석, 행남도석을 수집한 후, 정제되지 않은 원료는 산처리 공정을 수행하고 도자기용 소지로 제조한 후, 산화 및 환원 소성하여 소성체의 물성을 평가하였다. 정제되지 않은 태백, 압해도석의 경우, 산처리 공정을 통하여 철분 함량을 1.0 % 이하로 감소시켰다. 또한, 산처리 전 도석의 입도는 mean size $8{\sim}18{\mu}m$으로 정제된 도석의 $5.7{\sim}10{\mu}m$에 비교하여 입도가 크고 굵은 입자가 많아 넓은 입도분포를 가졌다. X선 회절법을 이용한 결정상 분석결과에 따르면 대부분의 도석은 소성 전에는 석영(Quartz)을 주상(main phase)로 하고 납석(Pyrophyllite)를 포함하는 결정구조를 보이고 있으며, 해남도석의 경우에는 할로이사이트(halloysite) 결정상을 포함하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 소성체의 흡수율은 태백A/B/C~압해A/B < 태백특A < 행남 < 해남 순으로 나타났으며 환원 소성한 경우가 더 낮은 흡수율을 보였다. 이러한 흡수율 경향은 도석 광물에 포함된 장석(융제)의 함량 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 소성체들의 색상을 비교하면 산처리 공정후, 정제원료(태백특A, 해남, 행남)가 산처리한 비정제 원료(태백A/B/C, 압해 A/B)에 비하여 백색도가 높음을 알 수 있다. 소성체의 비교에서 정제원료의 백색도의 인자인 L* 값이 95~97 %로 비정제 원료(산처리 공정후)의 82~96 % 보다 높은 것을 확인할 수 있다. 이것은 비정제 원료를 산처리하여 철분을 제거하였음에도 불구하고 철분 함량(0.41~1.91 %)이 정제원료의 철분함량(0.11~0.58 %) 보다 높기 때문으로 판단된다.

Sediment monitoring for hydro-abrasive erosion: A field study from Himalayas, India

  • Rai, Anant Kr.;Kumar, Arun
    • International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.146-153
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    • 2017
  • Sediment flow through hydropower components causes hydro-abrasive erosion resulting in loss of efficiency, interruptions in power production and downtime for repair/maintenance. Online instruments are required to measure/capture the variations in sediment parameters along with collecting samples manually to analyse in laboratory for verification. In this paper, various sediment parameters viz. size, concentration (TSS), shape and mineral composition relevant to hydro-abrasive erosion were measured and discussed with respect to a hydropower plant in Himalayan region, India. A multi-frequency acoustic instrument was installed at a desilting chamber to continuously monitor particle size distribution (PSD) and TSS entering the turbine during 27 May to 6 August 2015. The sediment parameters viz. TSS, size distribution, mineral composition and shape entering the turbine were also measured and analysed, using manual samples collected twice daily from hydropower plant, in laboratory with instruments based on laser diffraction, dynamic digital image processing, gravimetric method, conductivity, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and turbidity. The acoustic instrument was able to capture the variation in TSS; however, significant deviations were found between measured mean sediment sizes compared to values found in the laboratory. A good relation was found for turbidity ($R^2=0.86$) and laser diffraction ($R^2=0.93$) with TSS, which indicated that turbidimeter and laser diffraction instrument can be used for continuous monitoring of TSS at the plant. Total sediment load passed through penstock during study period was estimated to be 15,500 ton. This study shall be useful for researchers and hydropower managers in measuring/monitoring sediment for hydro-abrasive erosion study in hydropower plants.

생체의학 임플란트재료로서 Ti-Nb계 합금의 조직과 기계적 성질에 미치는 HEMM의 영향 (The Effect of HEMM on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Nb Alloy for Implant Biomedical Materials)

  • 우기도;최갑송;이현범;김인용
    • 한국재료학회지
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    • 제17권11호
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    • pp.587-592
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    • 2007
  • Al-42wt%Nb powder was prepared by high-energy mechanical milling(HEMM). The particle size, phase transformation and microstructure of the as-milled powder were investigated by particle size distribution (PSD) analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometery (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM)and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The milled powders were heated to a sintering temperature at 1000C with under vaccum with vaccum tube furnace. Microstructural examination of sintered Ti-42wt%Nb alloy using 4h-milled powder showed Ti-rich phases (${\alpha}$-Ti) which are fine and homogeneously distributed in the matrix (Nb-rich phase: ${\beta}$-Ti). The sintered Ti-42wt%Nb alloy with milled powder showed higher hardness. The microstructure of the as quenched specimens fabricated by sintering using mixed and milled powder almost are same, but the hardness of as quenched specimen fabricated by using mixed powder increased due to solution hardening of Nb in Ti matrix. The aging effect of these specimens on microstructural change and hardening is not prominent.

Preparation and Characterization of Suvarna Bhasma Parada Marit - Characterization of Suvarna Bhasma Parada Marit -

  • Thakur, Kapil;Gudi, Ramacharya;Vahalia, Mahesh;Shitut, Shekhar;Nadkarni, Shailesh
    • 대한약침학회지
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.36-44
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    • 2017
  • Objectives: The goal of this study was to characterize Suvarna Bhasma Parada Marit by using the Ayurvedic test parameters, physico-chemical tests, and various instrumentation techniques. Methods: Suvarna Bhasma, an Ayurvedic formulation manufactured as per Bharat Bhaishajya Ratnakar 5/8357 (BBR), has been studied using various instrumentation techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), laser particle size distribution (PSD) analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and physico-chemical parameters, such as the loss on drying (LOD), loss on ignition (LOI), and acid insoluble Ash (AIA) were determined. In addition, Ayurvedic tests, such as Rekhapurnatva (enterable in the furrows of the fingers), Varitaratwa (floatable over water), Nirdhoomta (smokeless), Dantagre Kach-Kach (gritty particle feeling between the teeth), were performed. Results: The XRD study showed Suvarna Bhasma to be crystalline in nature and to contain more than 98% gold. The mean size of the gold crystallites was less than 10 microns, and the morphology was globular and irregular. Suvarna Bhasma contains gold as its single and major element, with EDAX and FT-IR spectra showing that it is more than 98% pure gold. The moisture content (LOD) is less than 0.5%, the LOI is less than 2%, and the AIA is not less than 95%. The Ayurvedic tests, as specified above, helped to confirm the quality of Suvarna bhasma prepared as per the text reference (BBR). Conclusion: This chemical characterization of Suvarna Bhasma performed in this study by using modern instrumentation techniques will be helpful in understanding its pharmacological actions and will help in establishing quality protocols and specifications to substantiate the safety, efficacy & quality of Suvarna Bhasma.

동상민감성 판정 기준 신뢰성에 관한 연구 (Evaluation on the Reliability of Frost Susceptibility Criteria)

  • 진현우;유병현;이장근
    • 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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    • 제18권12호
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    • pp.37-45
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    • 2017
  • 구조물은 영하의 온도가 유지되는 겨울철에 동상으로 인해 크고 작은 피해가 발생한다. 동상은 동토지반의 가장 대표적인 공학적 특성으로 다양한 동상민감성 판정법이 존재한다. 동상민감성 판정법은 크게 3가지로 분류할 수 있다. 첫 번째 동상민감성은 입도분포를 이용하여 결정된다. 많은 국가들이 지반의 입도분포를 이용해 비교적 간편한 동상민감성 판정법을 현장에 적용하고 있다. 그러나 본 논문에서 몇 가지 시료의 입도분포를 이용해 동상민감성 판정 기준에 적용한 결과에 따르면 입도분포로 토질의 동상민감성을 판정하기에는 다소 무리가 있다. 두 번째로는 동상시험에 의한 동상민감성 판정법이다. 새롭게 개발된 온도제어형 삼축셀을 이용한 동상 실내시험을 통해 동상민감성 기준 신뢰성을 분석하였다. 새롭게 개발된 장비와 시험방법은 기존에 제시하고 있는 동상민감성 판정 기준을 충족하는 것으로 판단되었다. 세 번째로는 복합적인 동상민감성 판정법으로 흙의 입도분포, 분류, 그리고 동상시험을 고려한 복합적인 동상민감성 판정 기준 그래프를 제시하고 있다. 본 논문에서 몇 가지 시료에 대해 복합적인 동상민감성 판정 기준에 적용한 결과 다양한 토질에 대한 추가적인 데이터를 바탕으로 복합적인 동상민감성 판정 그래프를 보완해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.