• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.479-488
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• 2022

Aiming to examine different failure patterns in multistory URM walls, two 1/3 scaled three-story and three-bay URM models were designed for the quasi-static loading tests to contrastively investigate the failure processes and characteristics of the multistory URM walls. Two different failure responses were observed with special attention paid to the behavior of spandrel-failure mode. By evaluating the seismic performance and deformation behavior of two test walls, it is demonstrated that spandrels, that haven't been properly designed in some codes, are of great significance in the failure of entire URM walls. Additionally, compared with pier-failure mode, spandrel-failure for multistory URM building is more reasonable and advisable as its effectively participation in energy dissipation and its efficiently improvement on seismic capacity and deformation in the overall structure. Furthermore, the experimental results are beneficial to improve seismic design and optimize reinforcement method of URM buildings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.2 s.115
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• pp.80-98
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• 2006

This study originated from following questions. What can we understand the conception of deconstruction, which has been the core idea of new discourses developed in various ways since modernism? How can this question be interpreted in landscape design? What is the conceptional frame of integration the prominent hybrid post-genre movements and phenomena? The frame can be epitomized with the deconstruction phenomenon. 'Deconstruction' is the core conception appeared in late or post-modern ages in the embodiment of modernity and can be viewed as an integrating or a hybrid phenomenon between areas or genres in formative arts. Therefore, the author regards the hybrid movements widely witnessed in the post contemporary formative arts as one of the most important indicators of de-constructive signs. It is safe to say that the phenomenon of this integration or hybridism, of course, does not threaten the identity of landscape design but serves as an opportunity to extend the areas of landscape design. One of the consequences of this integration or hybridism is the voluntary participation of users who have been alienated in the production of the meanings of design works and hybrid landscape design with the hybridization of genres that is characterized with transformation in forms. This view is based on the distinction between hybridization of interactions between the designer (the subject) and the user (the object), and hybridization of synesthesia. Generally speaking, this is an act of destroying boundaries of the daily life and arts. At the same time, it corresponds to vanishing of modern aesthetics and emerging of post-contemporary aesthetics which is a new aesthetic category like sublimeness. This types of landscape design tries to restore humans' sensibility and perceptions restrained by rationality and recognition in previous approach and to express non-materialistic characteristics with precaution against excessive materialism in the modern era. In light of these backgrounds, the study aims to suggest the hybrid concept and to explorer a new landscape design approach with this concept, in order to change the design structure from 'completed' or 'closed' toward 'opened' and to understand the characteristics of interactions between users and designs. This new approach is expected to create an open-space integrating complexity and dynamics of users. At the same time, it emphasizes senses of user' body with synesthesia and non-determination. The focus is placed on user participation and sublimity rather than on aesthetic beauty, which kind of experience is called simulacre. By attaching importance to user participation, the work got free from the material characteristics, and acceptance from the old practice of simple perception and contemplation. The boundaries between the subject and object and the beautiful and ordinary, from the perspective of this approach, are vanished. Now everything ordinary can become an artistic work. Western dichotomy and discrimination is not effective any more. And there is 'de-construction' where there is perfect equality between ordinary daily life and beautiful arts. Thus today's landscape design pays attention to the user and uses newly perceived sensitivity by pursing obscure and unfamiliar things rather than aesthetic beauty. Space is accordingly defined to take place accidentally as happening and event, not as volume of shape. It's the true way to express spatiality of landscape design. That's an attempt to reject conventional concepts about forms and space, which served as the basis for landscape design, and to search for new things.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.281-289
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• 2018

The Korean environmental impact assessment(EIA) system, and explored ways to improve it as a more efficient and viable institution relevant to the demand of our time and conditions in study. The first problem this study identified is found in the fact that the party to write up the assessment report is itself the business operator or the one who is planning to work out the business plan. This structure translates into placing an order with an agent for EIA report. The reporting job may br subcontracted to the agent at a cost far below the rate specified in the 'Standard for Estimate of Agency Fee for Environmental Impact Assessment.' This practice also causes the vicious circle of producing a report that is written to justify the project or business in question or it leads to rough-and ready and poor documentation to minimize the time required. Second, in order to achieve the goal of the plan or business, which is the target of EIA, the local residents tend to ve regarded as an obstacle. This means elimination of the local people from participating in the EIA or their opinion being frequently ignored. This is the seed of distrust and hostility that sometimes provoke disagreements or fierce conflicts. The first proposal to improve these problem is to improve the factors that cause poor documentation of the assessment report as well as improve the understanding of the EIA system. This study proposes the following measures for improvement. The agency cost for EIA should be paid by the business operator or a third party that can ensure faithful implementation of the payment. A system should be established to verify transparent estimation of the agency cost. In order to enhance the professional quality of EIA agents, there should be implementation of qualification test for industrial engineer of related engineers in addition to the current EIA Qualification Test. The second proposal for improvement is to improve the citizen participation process by instituting a legal framework to make clear the purpose of the briefing session for local residents, which is held as a procedure of EIA, and to ensure more positive publicity during the stage of listening to the opinion of the local community. For a smooth and rational communication process, a moderator and a communicator of opinion, as is the case in a public hearing, could be instituted to clearly get the purpose of the briefing session across to the residents and to help to carry out the explanation and Q & A sessions according to the categories of the opinion of the residents. At present, the notification of the public inspection of the draft of the assessment report and briefing session for the residents is made on the newspaper and internet network. But some people have difficulty with access to this method of announcement. A higher participation rate could be secured if a legal provision is added to specify putting up placards in specific places such as the entrance to the place for the briefing session for residents or the building of administrative agencies of the area concerned.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.233-256
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• 2016

This study aims to illustrate the essence of meaning through sexual minorities' participant experiences in a sexual minority community. This research intends to explore essential meaning structure revealed in sexual minorities' reasons for joining a sexual minority community and in their experience in community activities. The study participants were 8 sexual minorities, and data was collected by in-depth interview. Data analysis was described using Giorgi's analysis methodology in phenomenological research method. As a result, the sexual minorities' participation was consisted of 13 meaning units, 6 derived topics, and 3 essential topics, which were 'An unquenchable thirst', 'Another world called oasis', and 'Real estrangement' Moreover, based on the essential topics, the study participants' common meaning of essence was analyzed as 'spiritual diaspora'. Sexual minority communities shall contribute to developments of own organizations through mutual compensations by vitalizing exchanges with other communities based on this study. Also, the communities should the variety in sexual minorities to allow various people's participation. People's awareness on sexual minorities must be transformed so that closed communities can change. Comprehensive knowledge on sexual minorities should be distributed in the social welfare fields so that sexual minorities may search solutions on issues through various access not limited to certain communities.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
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• no.57
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• pp.217-253
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• 2017

This study examines the process of developing and managing parent participation education programs, its performance, and its factor of deriving performance targeted on multi-cultural parents with children in early elementary school. Particularly, opinions of multi-cultural parents were considered and every process of developing and managing the program in this study was reflected. The analysed results were largely divided into three upper categories, which were 'growing as parents', 'forming new multi-culturalism', 'creating support system', and eight sub-categories. In addition, the factors that led to the positive achievement of program were appeared as 'development of active education program', 'organization and operation of parent inclusive program', 'utilization of flexible group structure', 'implementation of close interaction and communication between the members of the development team and the management team'. Based on the following results, we propose development and management process for effective multi-cultural parent education program.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.68-83
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• 2008

The transferal of districts encircled with walls and the characteristics of newly formed districts' location, structure and view are analyzed in this study with an example of Nakan Eupseong in Suncheon, Jeolla-do, which shows the best case of restoration of districts and interior structures to the original state of those in Joseon Dynasty. The results can be summarized as following: First of all, the district of Nakan-gun has transferred in 1424 from today's Goeup-ri in Beolgyo-eup, Boseong-gun to Nakan Eupseong in Nakan-myeon, Suncheon-si. Secondarily, Nakan Eupseong, the newly formed district, followed the example of Hanyang, the capital city, almost exactly in location, structure, view, and etc, due to the drastically planned designs under the participation of the central government. Thirdly, the native forces of Nakan wanted to deny the new district till 1451, and the inertia of old district had strongly remained until the late 1400's. Last of all, Joseon dynasty's typical theory of divination based on topography was clearly systemized and stated in the materials written after the 1700's.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-67
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• 2008

The study analyzes divorce rates in Korea and makes suggestions for the future research of divorce rates. Based on the data from Korea Statistical Information System (KOSIS) of the National Statistics Organization, trends for divorce rates change and the relations between divorce rates and macro environmental factors are analyzed. Macro environmental factors include socioeconomic factors such as, Korean War, Vietnam War, oil shock, IMP economic crisis and gross national income (GNI), whereas demographical factors include population structure, rates of female labor participation, and geographical location. The principle characteristics of divorce rates are as follows: 1) the Crude divorce rates (CDR) and the number of divorced had been increased from 1970 to 2004, then the trend changed to a decrease; 2) the slope of the change were the highest during 1998 to 2004 after the IMP economic crisis. The relations between socioeconomic factors are as follows: 1) during the war there was a small increase of CDR for a short period of time; 2) the economic crisis of the nation tend to increase the CDR, while the IMP economic crisis had a strong impact on an increase of CDR because of the interaction effect among the population structure, women's sex role changes as well as the level of standard of living. The increase in CDR from 1990 to 2000 can be explained partly by the population of baby Boomers passing through their marriage and divorce process. The number of population residing in the rural area and the middle class households, and the mobility of population also had an impact on the divorce rates changes. The recommendations for the future research were as follows: 1) the need to develop new divorce statistics that are based on a marriage cohort or a birth cohort because family behavior is a mixture of personal, social and political responses, and because CDR is not an accurate measure of divorce rate since it was influenced by population structure; 2) the need to include micro personal factors as well as macro social factors in a model to find an interaction effect between those variables.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

The variety of learners include students with disabilities and general students, and an ongoing focus of inclusive education research is non-discrimination. As part of integrated education, UDL (Universal Design for Learning) for students with disabilities supports a practical approach, participation, and advancement to improve learning opportunities for all students. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of using UDL in science classes. The dependent variables of this study were academic achievement in science, scientific attitude, and scientific motivation. In this study, the experimental groups were 9 people in the 5th grade and 11 people in 6th grade. The experimental groups were taught science class using UDL. In order to analyze the learning outcomes, the structure equation model was performed. The results of this study were as follows: First, the science achievement of learning outcomes of the science class applying UDL directly affected both scientific attitude and scientific motivation. Second, the scientific attitude of learning outcomes of the science class applying UDL directly did not affect scientific motivation. According to these results, learning outcomes for science achievement of the science class applying UDL showed that UDL affected both general students and students with disabilities. To summarize the analysis of learning outcomes, science achievement directly affected both scientific attitude and scientific motivation while scientific attitude did not affect scientific motivation. This study offered a specific implementation method for integrated education. Using the structure equation model for analyzing the effect has more significance.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.35-48
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• 2001

The purpose of this research is to understand the importance and structure of underwear which is the closest cloth to the body. Scope of this research is from middle of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century. Firstly, I studied background of the times and change of women's status and duty. Secondly, I examined the outer garment closely by the ideal beauty of each period based on the study, and thirdly I looked into structure ways of underwear. Then lastly, I took a close look about the relation of outer garment and underwear, comparing with and researching both. I studied this research, focusing on corset, crinoline and bustle based on main characters such as reform and transform among several functions of underwear. The research results are such as follows. First of all, when women's social and economic status was subjected to men, women had worn corset and fashionable dresses even though there was many object movements and vices in women's garment. Secondly, according to those movements, the ideal beauty had changed little in the same sort emphasizing on breast and hip. Thirdly, structure method of underwear changed by ideal beauty and shape of outer garment. Due to increasing sports participation, improvement of women's position, achievement of practical use, women used more drawers and stopped wearing hoop. And the weight of underwear like combination and suspender attached to corset had decreased and advanced into the more practical way. Because of industrialization, function seemed to be granted by technology development, social position change of femininity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 1999.10c
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• pp.185-191
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• 1999

In a mean time, arrangement of a arable land is lead by government with same way, same type. It means that there are no considering on characteristic features of region and aspect of ecological environment that can experess its natural charactersistics. Because whenever there is needed to be arranging , most of structure are made by a ward office from a desgin to a execution so that cause many public resentment and durability is very short by a inappropriateness its maintenance. The purpose of this study is divided into four parts ; First, to form the naturally favorable waterside spaces by performing the basic water controlling funtions of the irrigation channel and the drainage channel. Second, to provide the meeting place of the residents and to restrore the ecological system by means of the formation of the naturally favorable waterside spaces. Third, to lead to the optimal design and maintenance that residents want by inviting the residents to participate at the begining stage of planning. A district of this study is located on Songsam(13-14 zone), Samseung-Lee Ganam-Meon Yeoujoo-Gun Jyonggi Province and a length of section is 420m. This study came up with the following results. First, estabished the type of design and area of the area by means of the collected residents' opinions. Seconds, changed the straight line water channel already designed to the curve water channel . Third changed the structure materials of the steel concrete structure to the natural materials . Fourth, change dthe design by area for the ecological system and the meeting place of the residents. Fifth, divided the whole area into fourth area in order to satisfy the residents' requests.