• 보존과학연구
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• s.25
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• pp.75-92
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• 2004

The conservation treatments of 10-storied pagoda in the temple of Kyoungchunsa is progressed favorably to come to the finish since 1995. Most of all, the important conservation treatments are stone crack, exfoliation and partial form modification. This pagoda has been made up a complicated structure constructed using 142 stones. Therefore, the stone crack and exfoliation have been occurred as very varied forms. Especially, the stylobate of the pagoda has 19 substitution stones of 48 stones, which is40% of modern stone substitution. It is supposed that there is serious weathering on the stones. The other stones, which are no substitution stones, have some kinds of weathering and so we carried out inside replenishment and partial outside reconstruction of crack stones using high molecular resin and substitution stone. The stone of each storey has also partial difference, but the condition of serious weathering on the whole. We can detect general degree through treatment of high molecule resin or distribution research of contaminated material on 10-storied pagoda in the temple of Kyoungchunsa. Especially, we are able to analyze general weathering degree and know details weathering of each storey or direction for the difference of replenishment quantity and different pattern of stone crack degree. Also, the distribution research will accomplish very important parts of examining environment effects and use as research data of cultural heritage conservation field.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2000

Methane combustion over perovskite-type oxides prepared using the malic acid method was investigated. To enhance the catalytic activity, the perovskite oxides were modified by the substitution of metal into their A or B site. In addition, the reaction conditions, such as the temperature, space velocity, and partial pressure of the methane were varied to understand their effect on the catalytic performance. With the LaCoO3-type catalyst, the partial substitution of Sr or Ba into site A enhanced the catalytic activity in the methane combustion. With the LaBO3(B=Co, Fe, Mn, Cu)-type catalyst, the catalytic activities were exhibited in the order of Co>Fe Mn>Cu. Futhermore, the partial substitution of Co into site B enhanced the catalytic activity, whereas an excess amount of Co decreased the activity. The surface area and catalytic activity of the perovskite catalysts prepared using the malic acid method showed higher values than those prepared using the solid reaction method. The catalytic activity was enhanced with decreased methane concentration and with a decrease in the space velocity.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1998

We have studied the reduction of NO by propane over perovskite-type oxides prepared by malic acid method. The catalysts were modified to enhance the activity by substitution by substitution of metal into A or B site of perovskite oxides. In addition, the reaction conditions, such as temperature, $O_2$ concentration, space velocity have been studed. In the $LaCoO_3$ type catalyst, the partial substitution of Ba, Sr into A site enhanced the catalytic activity in the reduction of NO. In the $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3(x=0 \sim 1.9)$ catalyst, the partial substitution of Fe into B site enhanced the conversion of NO, but excess amount of Fe decreased the conversion of NO. The surface area and catalytic activity of perovskite catalysts prepared by malic acid method showed higher values than those of solid reaction method. In the $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3$ catalyst, the conversion of NO increased with increasing $O_2$ concentration and contact time. The introduction of water into reactant feed decreased the catalytic activity.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2004

In order to evaluate the potential of partial hydrocarbon substitution to improve the safety of hydrogen use in general and the performance of internal combustion engines in particular, the outward propagation and development of surface cellular instability of spark-ignited spherical premixed flames of mixtures of hydrogen, hydrocarbon, and air were experimentally studied at NTP (normal temperature and pressure) condition in a constant-pressure combustion chamber. With propane being the substituent, the laminar burning velocities, the Markstein lengths, and the propensity of cell formation were experimentally determined, while the laminar burning velocities and the associated flame thicknesses were computed using a recent kinetic mechanism. Results show substantial reduction of laminar burning velocities with propane substitution, and support the potential of propane as a suppressant of both diffusional-thermal and hydrodynamic cellular instabilities in hydrogen-air flames.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.68-71
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• 2011

[ $Ti_{1-x}W_xO_{2-y}$ ]solid solutions with compositions of x = 0.01(TW-1), x = 0.02(TW-2), x = 0.03(TW-3) and x = 0.04(TW-4) were prepared at 1,073 K in air under atmospheric pressure. All the solutions exhibited tetragonal symmetries. Nonstoichiometric chemical formulas have been obtained from oxidation-reduction titration and the partial substitution of $W^{6+}$ ions mainly caused the formation of $Ti^{3+}$ ion, rather than oxygen excess. Resistivities of the samples were highly dependent on humidity. The increase of the W amount resulted in an increase of $Ti^{3+}$ content, decrease of resistivity values and finally degradation of photocatalytic activities.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 1982

This study is to investigate the effect of a domestic pottery stone as a batch inclusion on the synthesis of porcelain bodies and their physical properties. The basic composition of porcelain bodies studied was consisted of 50wt% kaolin, 25wt% feldspar and 25wt% quartz. The inclusion of pottery stone was performed by partial substitution for either quartz or feldspar up to 25% of the total weight of batches. Sixteen porcelain bodied different in batch composition were prepared by firing them in the temperature range from 110$0^{\circ}C$ to 135$0^{\circ}C$ and their physical properties and microstructures were carefully examined. It was found that the inclusion of pottery stone could reudce the firing temperature for vitrification up to 5$0^{\circ}C$ but appreciably decreased the mechanical strength of sintered bodies. The most faborable result could obtain with partial substitution for both quartz and feldspar at same time up to 25% of the total batch weight.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.360-366
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• 2023

This study focuses on how the partial substitution of copper by nickel nanoparticles affects the electrical and structural properties of the Bi₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu_2.9Ni_0.1O_10+δ, Bi₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu_2.8Ni_0.2O_10+δ and Bi₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu_2.6Ni_0.4O_10+δ compounds. Approximate values of crystallization size and crystallization percentage for the three compounds were calculated using the Scherer, modified Scherer, and Williamson-Hall methods. A great similarity was observed in the crystal size values from the Scherer method, 243.442 nm, and the Williamson-Hall method, 243.794 nm for the second sample. At the same time this sample exhibited the highest crystal size value for the three methods. In the examination of electrical properties, the sample with 0.1 partial substitution, Bi₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu_2.9Ni_0.1O_10+δ was determined to be the best with a critical temperature of 100 K and an energy gap of 6.57639 × 10^-21 MeV. Using the SEM technique to analyze the structural morphology of the three phases, it was discovered that the size of the granular forms exceeds 25 nm. It was determined that the samples' shapes alter when nickel concentration rises. The patterns that reveal the distribution of the crystal structure also exhibit clear homogeneity.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1995.07c
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• pp.1242-1244
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• 1995

The dielectric and polarizable properties of $0.9Pb_{1-x}La_x({Mg}_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-0.1PbTiO_3$ (x=0,1,2,3,4,5) have been investigated. The temperature-dependant electrostictive characteristics of 0.9PMN-0.1PT relaxor ferroelectric system were improved by enhencing the extent of the diffuse phase transition(DPT). This was achieved using PMN-PTceramics by the partial substitution of La at the Pb site. The curie temperature and the maximum dielectric permittivity decreased by substituting La and the electric field-related hysteresis phenomena decreased with increasing La substitution amount.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1996.07c
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• pp.1621-1623
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• 1996

The dielectric and polarizable properties of 0.85Pb$Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3}$)$O_3$-$0.125PbTiO_3$-$0.25BaTiO_3$ Ceramics have been investigated as a addition of the amount of $La_{2}O_{3}$($0{\leq}x{\geq}0.05$). The Temperature-dependant electrostictive characteristics of 0.85PMN-0.125PT-0.25BT relaxor ferroelectic system were improved by enhencing the extent of the diffuse phase transition(DPT). This was achieved using PMN-PT-BTceramics by the partial substitution of La at the Pb site. The curie temperature and the maximum dielectic permittivity decreased by substituting $La_{2}O_{3}$ and the electic field-related hysteresis phenomena decreased with increasing $La_{2}O_{3}$ substitution amount. It is showed decreasing in induced strain for electric field with increasing $La_{2}O_{3}$ substitution.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 1995

Electrical conductivity of $TiO_2$ thin films, deposited on $Al_2O_3$ substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), was measured by four-point probe method in a temperature range from $800^{\circ}C$ to $1025^{\circ}C$ and an oxygen partial pressure range from $2.7{\times}10^{-5}$ atm to 1 atm. In the low oxygen partial pressure region n-type conduction was dominant, but in the high oxygen partial pressure region p-type conduction behavior appeared due to substitution of Ti ions by Al ions, which were diffused from the substrate during post deposition annealing process. Electrical conductivity of the film decreases in the n-type region and increases in the p-type region as the oxygen partial pressure increases. The transition points, which show the minimum conductivity, shifted to the higher oxygen partial pressure region as the measuring temperature increased, but it shifted to lower oxygen partial pressure region with an increase in the post annealing temperature. The results were also discussed with the possible defect models.