• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.67-72
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• 2022

Objectives: This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure-Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-Depression and the Irritability for parents of children aged 6-17 years. Methods: Participants were 190 children diagnosed with depressive disorder (n=14), anxiety disorder (n=21), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n=111), ADHD with anxious depression (n=13), and tic disorder with somatic symptoms (n=31). Patients were 8-15 years of age. The participants' mothers completed the Korean versions of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure-PROMIS Depression and Irritability (Affective Reactivity Index, ARI), and the Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL). Using these data, we calculated the reliability coefficient and examined the concurrent and discriminant validity of the PROMIS Depression and the Irritability (ARI) scales for assessing depression and irritability in children. Results: The reliability coefficient of the PROMIS Depression scale (Cronbach's α) was 0.93. The correlation coefficient with the K-CBCL DSM emotional problem score was 0.71. The PROMIS Depression scale significantly discriminated children with depressive disorders from those with other conditions. The reliability coefficient of the Irritability (ARI) scale was 0.91, suggesting its high reliability. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure for Depression and Irritability Scales for parents of children aged 6-17 years is reliable and valid and may be an efficient alternative to the K-CBCL.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.239-248
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• 2023

Purpose: The parents of adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease may experience impaired mental health and quality of life. This longitudinal study aimed to verify whether the mental health and quality of life of the parents of adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease declined when their children had active disease. Methods: Sociodemographic data, parental anxiety, depression, and quality of life were analyzed using validated questionnaires for each variable. After the baseline survey, the second and follow-up surveys were conducted at 3 and 12 months, respectively. The active disease group comprised eight parents whose children had active disease during the baseline and second surveys. The remission group comprised 14 parents whose children remained in remission during both surveys. The improved group comprised nine parents whose children experienced active disease at baseline and remission during the second survey. Parental mental health and quality of life were compared among the groups. Results: Significantly higher levels of anxiety were observed in the active disease group in all surveys (p<0.050). Although depression levels and quality of life did not differ significantly among the three groups, pairing the active disease group with other groups showed some large effect sizes. Conclusion: Parents tended to experience decreased mental health and quality of life when their adolescents experienced active inflammatory bowel disease. Consequently, our hypothesis was partially verified. Therefore, parents need support when their children have active disease; this finding highlights the need for parental support systems.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.469-479
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• 2022

This study aims to examine the mediating effects of positive parenting attitudes, self-esteem, and depression on the relationship between parental happiness and children's happiness. To this end, the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 were used. Structural equation modeling was implemented based on 2,551 data collected from fourth-grade children of elementary school and their parents. The happiness felt by the parents was found to have a positive correlation with positive parenting attitudes, self-esteem, and happiness perceived by the children, and a negative correlation with the children's depression. And, the happiness felt by the parents was found to affect the happiness of children by sequentially progressing through positive parenting attitudes, children's self-esteem and depression. Such results reflect how parents who perceive themselves to be happy tend to be warm, provide structure, and support the autonomy of their children. This also shows how such positive parenting attitudes encourage children to believe that they are valuable individuals and how this plays a role in reducing their sense of depression and enhancing their happiness.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.37-52
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• 2022

Objective: This study pays attention to types of parental depression and differences in happiness and self-esteem of children in each group of parents. Methods: This study employed the 10th wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children. Cluster analysis, covariance analysis, and Bonferroni verification were performed on the data of 1,282 parents with 9-year-old children. Results: A total of four parental depression groups were categorized: 'both depressed,' 'mother depressed,' 'father depressed,' and 'not depressed.' Children of the not depressed group showed the highest psychological well-being among the four groups. Children of the mother mildly depressed group had lower scores in happiness and self-esteem than those of the father mildly depressed group. Conclusion/Implications: This study was a new attempt to categorize parental depression together, breaking away from individual approaches such as mother's depression, father's depression, and mother's and father's depression and complementary approaches between couples. When examining the impact of parental depression on children's psychological well-being, it is necessary to consider depression of the father and mother as a unit.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.575-588
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• 2008

The research is find out the importance of psychological separation of high school students and the effects of this separation from their parents on depression. The data were collected boys(108) and girls(120) second-grade high school students in Jeonbuk area and analyzed Independent-Samples T-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation in use of SPSS WIN 11.5 program. The main results are as follows.: 1, Psychological separation from farther was that girls were higher in attitudinal independence than boys. Psychological separation from mother was that boys were higher in functional, emotional independence than girls. There was no significant differences in depression between boys and girls. 2. In the relation between psychological separation from father and depression, girls showed negative correlation attitude independence and both of boys and girls showed positive correlation in conflictual independence. In the relation between psychological separation from mother and depression, boys showed negative correlation in attitude independence and girls showed negative correlation in functional, attitudinal independence and both of boys and girls showed positive correlation in conflictual independence. 3. Psychological separation from father by the level of depression was related attitudinal, conflictual independence for girls and was related conflictual independence for boys. Psychological separation from mother by the level of depression was related functional, attitudinal, conflictual independence for girls and was related attitudinal, conflictual independence for boys. Finally, the more severe depression was related higher conflict independence from their parents.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.470-477
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the levels of depression and predictors of depression in middle-school girls. Method: A self-report survey was conducted with 2nd and 3rd grade students in a girls'middle school (N=401) in Pusan. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simultaneous multiple regression using the SPSS program. Results: The mean score for the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) was 20.63. The level of depression was negatively related to problem-solving ability, self-esteem, total household income, school achievement, self-perception of body-image, and satisfaction in relationships with siblings, parents, and friends. A multivariate approach showed that predictors explained 61% of variance in depression. Significant predictors of depression were self-esteem (${\beta}$=-.38), problem-solving ability (${\beta}$=-.34), and satisfaction in relationships with friends (${\beta}$=-.14) and parents (${\beta}$=-.08). Conclusion: The findings suggest that it is important to develop educational programs to increase self-esteem and problem-solving abilities in middle school girls. Considering the high levels of depression in middle school girls, school nurses play an important role in detecting and reducing emotional tension among these students. Nursing interventions, including art therapy, problem-solving counseling, and bibliotherapy could be useful in enhancing self-esteem, problem-solving abilities, and satisfaction in relationship with friends, siblings and parents.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.76-81
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• 2012

Objectives : Childhood is a critical period involving various developmental tasks that need to be accomplished. Childhood depression has overall negative implications for certain areas of development, including cognition, emotion, social skills, academic achievement, and ability to cope with stress. Yet, because depression can be "masked" by accompanying behavioral problems, early detection and diagnosis of childhood depression is somewhat challenging. In this study, using the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), we evaluated the association between children's self reports on depression and parents' assessment of children's behaviors. Methods : Subjects were recruited from the S city, a cohort comprising a non-random convenience sample of 226, 10-year-old ethnic Koreans in their fourth year of elementary school and their parents. All participants underwent several tests, including Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and K-CBCL. Results : A total of 226 children, including 166 boys (73.5%) and 60 girls (26.5%), participated in the study. The average CDI for the participants was 14.57 (SD=7.54). Two items on the K-CBCL, total scale of adjustment scale and social withdrawal problems, showed a close association with the CDI. Conclusion : Although much remains to be elucidated, after controlling for covariates, the results of this study suggested that behavioral problems observed in children may be closely associated with depression.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.110-141
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• 1988

This study was conducted to find out the mental health state of high school students. First-year students and third-year students af liberal high schools is Seoul were subject to this study. Questionnaire of Symptom Checklist-90 and various factors was adopted for the survey. A total of 916 questionnaires was sellected for the analysis, and the results are obtained as follows; 1) The characteristics in responses to mental health scale showed that obsessive-compulsive scale score was the highest, followed by interpersonal-sensitivity, depression, hostility, and anxiety. The subject group of the students showed higher scores in nine symptom dimensions except somatization than other normal group. 2) Girl-students showed higher scores than boy-students in somatization, depression, and anxiety, whereas the opposite was true in hostility. 3) Third-year students got high scores, in somatization, anxiety and Depression. 4) Parental marriage state of the repondents showed significant differences in nine symptom dimensions of mental health. Scores of the students with parents was the lowest, followed by those of students with only mother, only father and the rest(no parents, divorced, sepaerated, step-parent) in increasing order. 5) Smoking students showed high score in obsessive-compulsive, depression, hostility, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. Especially in hostility, they got much higher score. 6) Students with poor record at school got higher scores in every symptom dimension than those with good record at school, especially in obsessive-compulsive and depression scale. 7) Parents' attitude toward student showed significant effect on every scale. Students under over-expectation or indifference from parents were in bad mental health state. 8) Students who have advisor proved to be in better mental health state than those who never consult their personal problems with others. 9) He who has family history got higher scores in some scales. 10) Respondents who looked upon what they have learned in high school as being rather an obstacle to sound social life got high scores in all the symptom dimensions and next came those of the students who answered that there were a lot of unnecessary things in their learning. 11) Those for whom it would not quite necessary to enter college if there were little formal schooling discrimination in society got high scores in obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, and in psychoticism, especially higher in obsessive-compulsive scale. 12) Mental health state of the students who are influenced by the social surroundings, mass media, and the home environments showed high score in 8 symptom dimensions. 13) Abnormal response frequency of this sample is as follows; 24.0％ of boys, 23.8％ of girls, 22.5％ of the first-year students, and 26.9％ of the third-year students. There were significant difference among the grades. 14) The factors of distinctive correlation between the dimensions of SCL-90 and 16 factors were the father's negative attitude and depression, negative responses on teaching contents and anxiety, and smoking and hostility. In conclusion, mental health state of liberal highschool students on the whole showed worse than other normal groups. It had close terms with relation with their parents, schoolwork, smoking, teaching contents, the social surrounding, mass media, and the home environments. Thus I believe there need not only mental health education of students, training of teachers, counceling of parents, but also changes in teaching contents, and the improvement of educational system and the social surroundings under the national support.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.135-147
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• 2000

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of economic hardship. parents'intro-eatrovert personality, and depression on parenting. The subjects were 487 seventh to ninth grade children and their parents. Data were collected through questionnaires. Children from which family experienced severe income loss perceived fathers'child-rearing attitudes as more warm/nurturant when fathers had extrovert personality. On the other hand, children under the worse paternal working condition perceived mothers'child-rearing attitudes as more warm/nurturant when mothers had introvert personality. The impacts of family income loss on mothers'rejecting/inconsistant child-rearing attitudes were exacerbated by its indirect effect through maternal depression.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.567-580
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• 2017

This study explored the influence of adolescent depression on adult media addiction by examining Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective. The ecological perspective is a useful framework to identify the link between youths' interacting subjects in the ecological environment. It can also be used to understand adolescent problems and addiction behaviors. The current study examined the influence of parents, peers, and teachers on adult media addiction and depression with a focus on micro-systems that have the greatest influence on adolescents among various environmental systems. We analyzed 568 participants who reported exposure to adult media. SPSS 20.0 was used to conduct a descriptive analysis of the data; AMOS 19.0 was used to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model. The results of study are as follows. First, parental abuse and peer alienation significantly increases depression. Second, peer communication significantly decreases depression. Third, parental monitoring and parental affection significantly decreased adult media addiction. Fourth, parental abuse, peer alienation, and depression significantly increased adult media addiction. This study is meaningful in that it examines the influence of parent, peer, and teacher relationships among adolescents on adult media addiction and depression. This study can be helpful to understand adult media addiction and depression among Korean adolescents.