• Resources Recycling
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.35-45
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• 2021

The humidity-control function and manufacturing characteristics of wood-wool boards using waste-paper-mulberry fiber were analyzed in this study. For the manufacture of wood-wool boards, the pulverizing times of waste-paper-mulberry fibers were controlled at 30, 60, 120, and 180 s, and the mixing amounts were controlled by adding 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively, as compared to cement. Analysis of the moisture adsorption and desorption characteristics of the wood-wool boards controlled for pulverizing time revealed that the wood-wool board with 60 s of pulverized fiber exhibited the best adsorption and desorption performances. It was estimated that the adsorption and desorption performances of the material itself were adequate even when the boards were mixed because of minimal damage to the fiber. In addition, an analysis of the absorption and desorption characteristics of the fiber-mixture-controlled wood-wool boards showed that the 6%-mixed wood-wool board had the best absorption and desorption performances of 291.00 g/m² and 108.75 g/m², respectively.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.49-59
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• 2009

The bast fibers of paper mulberry were dyed by using sappan wood, gardenia, and gallnut extracted under various extraction conditions. The surface absorption rates, color, and sunlight fastness of the dyed fibers were compared to those of the dyed cotton and silk. The K/S values of silk showed the highest values, followed by gallnut, gardenia, and sappan wood. The optimum extraction conditions of the dye materials were 20 g/L (input amount of dye materials per liter), $90^{\circ}C$ (extraction temperature), and 30 minutes (extraction time). The values of saturation were observed to increase with the increase of the amount of dye materials, extraction time, and extration temperature. However, no effect were found on the values of hue and lightness. In all samples, the developed colors dyed by sappan wood and gardenia were the series of YR, and Y, respectively. The colors of dyed cotton and bast fibers of paper mulberry by gallnut were the series of Y and the dyed silk showed the series of YR. The values of saturation of the bast fibers of paper mulberry by sappan wood and gardenia showed the highest values of saturation, followed by cotton, and silk. In the case of gallnut, cotton showed the highest values of saturation, followed by the bast fibers of paper mulberry, and silk. The sunlight fastness were not improved in all dyeing conditions.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2010

The advanced and complicated modern society recognizes image creation based on the identity of the global competitive age as the important means. The requirement for a new vision to the globally environmental problem has affected on design so that as environmentally-friendly products and technologies have been developed and original expression modes have been appeared which the medium of paper which is natural material, paper has been highlighted newly. Hanji made of mulberry fiber, a bast fiber of mulberry is a representative environment-friendly natural fiber. In addition, it has various functions similar to those of yellow earth such as emission of far infrared rays, antibiosis, deodorization, fast dry ability of sweat, and simple dyeing ability. It is Hanji threads that are produced from various processes of Hanji materials. Therefore, hanji threads are able to be both woven and knitted still remaining Hanji's excellent characteristics. In addition, it is light, bio-degradable, durable and washable, and it is an environment friendly product with the distinguished texture and sensitivity. Under the concept of 'Circle' designed the uniforms of music hall to inform that the uniforms as a media representing music hall represents the unique Sori Arts Center of Jeollabuk-do traditional style.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

To investigate the combination dyeing properties of natural dyes, the combination dyeing using gallnut,-Al, Cu, Fe-sappan wood, and gallnut-Al, Cu, Fe-gardenia was performed on bast fiber of mulberry, cotton, silk, and their K/S values, colors, and sunlight fastness were measured. The gallnut-Al, Cu, Fe-gardenia dyeing showed the highest K/S values when the dyeing concentration of gallnut is 3%. It tended to show the higher K/S values than gallnut-Al, Cu, Fe-sappan wood. The silk showed the highest values of in K/S, and then followed by cotton, and bast fiber of mulberry. The mordants developed different colors on the bast fiber and the cotton treated with gallnut-Al, Cu, Fe-sappan wood. However, the silk showed a series of YR, showing no effect of the mordants on the development of color. The combination dyeing of gallnut-Al, Cu, Fe-gardenia showed a series of Y. The results showed that sappan wood could develop various colors but gardenia could develop a series of Y. No distinct improvement on sunlight fastness of the combination dyeing was observed.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.35-41
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• 2001

A newly developed functional fiber for textile, Tencel, which is known to have some advantages over wood fiber such as fibrillation, absorbency and so on, was examined to see the possibility of a raw material for hanji. Hanji was manufactured by the conventional handmade method using Tencel of three different fiber lengths with three different levels of mixing ratio of Tencel and paper mullberry fiber, and their physical and calligraphic properties were evaluated and compared with one another. It was needed to develop more efficient beating methods than conventional one such as valley beating for Tencel to be used effectively as a raw material for hanji. It was found out by image analysis that the calligraphic properties of hanji could be improved by mixing of 10 to 20% of Tencel of relatively short-length fiber with paper mulberry.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.31-37
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• 1999

This study was carried out to develop the Korean paper(Hanji) sludge-wood fiber composite boards utilizing the relinquished sludges occurring from the making process of Korean classic paper Hanji. The bark of paper mulberry(Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb.) has been used as a raw material since past hundreds and thousands years. Korean paper(Hanji) sludge was divided into two kinds, the one was the white sludge from the first stage and the other was the black sludge occurring from the final stage of Korean paper(Hanji) making. Four levels of the mixed ratio of each white or black sludge to wood fiber(10:90, 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60), three levels of the resin adhesives(PMDI, urea and phenol resin) and three levels of the density(0.60, 0.75 and 0.90) were designed to investigate the mechanical properties of Korean paper(Hanji) sludge-wood fiber composite boards. From the results and discussion, it could be concluded as follows : 1. In the white and black sludge-wood fiber composite boards, bending modulus of rupture showed the clear decreasing tendency according to the increase of sludge additive, but it was clearly increased with the increase of specific gravity. Modulus of elasticity showed the same tendency as in the modulus of rupture, and also tensile and internal bonding strength had the same tendencies as in these bending properties. 2. Among the resin adhesives, PMDI or urea resin showed great values in MOR of white sludge-wood fiber composite board, but urea resin was greater than PMDI in MOR and MOE of black sludge-wood fiber composite board. Tensile and internal bonding strength showed the same tendencies as in white sludge-wood fiber composite board. 3. It is suggested that the white sludge-wood fiber composite boards bonded with PMDI or black sludge-wood fiber composite boards bonded with urea resin were able to made similar boards to general fiberboard by the mixed ratio 20:80 of sludge to wood fiber.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2013

The traditional Hanji-making was confronted with lots of industrial disadvantages and economic problems, due to the original hand-made process. Recently, the studies on the automation of overall Hanji manufacturing process is carried out by applying the commercial chemical pulping method in order to expand industrial application or efficiency of non-wood fibrous materials. However, the application of commercial pulping methods to the bast tissues of paper mulberry leads to the chemical and mechanical deterioration of cellulosic fibers. In this study, the optimal cooking method using the bast parts of paper mulberry produced by an auto-scraping device was applied to minimize the damage of fiber strength for the paper yarn manufacture. The pre-steaming treatment and alkaline pulping systems were evaluated in removal efficiency of lignin and pectin materials within the bast tissue of paper mulberry. With the application of pre-steaming treatment and 2 stage pulping system using potassium carbonate and then sodium hydroxide, kappa values were decreased two times more in lignin removal than the single stage of pulping method. It was also identified from SEM images and ATR-FTIR spectra that the pectin components within cellular structure of bast tissue were easily removed and the debarked bast parts by a auto-scraping device were easily defiberized by 2-stage pulping sequence using potassium carbonate/sodium hydroxide pulping system.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.2
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• pp.1-31
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• 1962

The purpose of this treatise is to prove the presence of cystine in silk fiber through wide sampling throughout all the sericultural processes of Bombyx mori.; also to show that disulfide cross linkages exist in the silk fiber. The conclusions reached were as follows: 1. Crystalline cystine was obtained from silk fibroin using Folin's Method. 2. Analytical data showing the cystine content of silk fiber and its related materials were obtained using Sullvan's Method as follows: Material Percent Cystine A. Mulberry leaf protein 0.175 B. Silkworm egg 0.33 C. Silkworm Body, matured, fat extracted, without silk gland 0.41 D. Silk gland, matured 1.23 E. Silkworm feces none F. Silkworm pupa, fat extracted 0.30 G. Silkworm moth, fat extracted 0.60 H. Raw Silk 0.22 I. Fibroin 0.175 J. Sericin 0.30 3. The presence of cystine in the silkworm was substantiated the existence of 0.175 % methionine in mulberry leaves and 0.12% methionine in the silk gland. 4. Part of the sulfhydryl compounds in the silk gland is believed to transfer to serine and methionine, with the former being secreted into the liquid silk finally as silk fiber and the latter used for nutritive purposes in the growing of silk gland tissue. 5. The cystine content is variable by mulberry species, silkworm species, sex, breeding process, and other culturing environments. 6. Hybrid silkworms require more nutritive amino acids for effective growth than the original parents, and secrete less of them as silk fiber. 7. From such an observation, the amino acid composition of silk fiber is believed to be fairly flexible. Cystine if included in the amorphous part of the fiber, especially in sericin. 8. The result from enriching the silkworm diet with pure cystine or wool cystine did not result in any advantage, therefore it is believed that the natural cystine and methionine contents in the mulberry leafaregoodenoughforsilkwormnutrition. 9. The disulfide cross linkage in silk fiber was verified by using the Harris Method. Contraction took place following the treatment of the fiber with various salts and acids. Comparisons were made with wool fiber. 10. During these experiments, the fibrious structure of silk fiber and the net-globular liquid form were photographed microscopically. It is believed that the globules of liquid silk are net-formed by the inter attraction of the OH ion of the globular peptide and the H ion of water as shown by the hair cracking behavior of the film. The net-globular protein precipitation from the mulberry protein solution showed that mulberry is a proper diet for the formation of fibrous protein in the silk fiber. 11. The significance of the presence of cystine in silk fiber as emphasized in this paper should result in modification of the general conception that cystine is absent from this fiber. NOTICE: A part of this treatise was presented at the annual Korea Sericultural Society meeting held in 1961.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.23-30
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• 1999

This study was carried out to develop the Korean paper(Hanji) sludge-wood fiber composite boards utilizing the relinquished sludges occurring from the making process of Korean classic paper Hanji. The bark of paper mulberry(Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb.) has been used as a raw material since past hundreds and thousands years. Korean paper(Hanji) sludge was divided into two kinds, the one was the white sludge from the first stage and the other was the black sludge occurring from the final stage of Korean paper(Hanji) making. Four levels of the mixed ratio of each white or black sludge to wood fiber(10:90, 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60), three levels of the resin adhesives(PMDI, urea and phenol resin) and three levels of the density(0.60, 0.75 and 0.90) were designed to investigate the physical properties of Korean paper(Hanji) sludge-wood fiber composite boards. From the results and discussion, it could be concluded as follows : 1. In the white sludge-wood fiber composite board, the thickness swelling was not affected by the specific gravity and sludge additive of composite boards, but among the resin adhesives PMDI resin showed the best dimensional stability. Water absorption was superior in urea resin, secondly PMDI resin and very poor in phenol resin. 2. In the black sludge-wood fiber composite board, thickness swelling was superior in PMDI resin but very poor in phenol resin. In water absorption, PMDI and urea resin showed good results, regardless of specific gravity or sludge additive, but phenol resin showed poor results. 3. From the results and discussion of physical properties it is suggested that the white sludge-wood fiber composite boards bonded with PMDI or black sludge-wood fiber composite boards bonded with urea resin were made possibly with similar or better properties. compared with general fiberboard until the addition of 20% sludge into wood fiber.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.16-23
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• 2011

This study was carried out to develop the printing Hanji made of mixed raw materials with mulberry bast fibers and alternative plant fibers such as bamboo, soybean stalks, pepper stalk and sea tangle. All alternative plant fibers were produced by the kraft pulping method with 2 stages of bleaching, and used to prepare the modified traditional paper, Hanji for printing purpose. Printing quality of modified Hanji was analyzed by measuring area and Formcircle of halftones and comparing a letter shape printed on paper. The Hanji made of 60% of mulberry bast fibers and 40% of bamboo bleached kraft pulp showed the best printing quality with the smallest area and the largest Formcircle in all modified Hanji. Through the image analysis of form circles of the letters printed on the Hanji, it could also be confirmed that the best printability of the modified Hanji was made using bamboo fibers.