• 한국사회정책
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.49-81
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• 2016

This study agrees with the idea that a situation centered perspective provides a useful contribution in understanding women's attitude on organizations. Women's occupational experiences are less related to their "femaleness" than to the structural constraints inherent in the occupational positions women fill. So characteristics of the organizational situation including gender composition and hierarchical status may "shape and define" women's experience on the job. The present study examined the managerial level's gender gap and "glass ceiling" of the corporation. According to Kanter, if the ratio of women to men in organizations begins to shift, as affirmative action and new hiring and promotion policies promised, forms of relationships and corporate culture should also change. However, the mere presence of women on workplace may not, in itself, result in women-friendly work condition. This study analyzes "Korean Women Manger Panel survey(2010 3rd. wave)" to examine how much gender gap of the managerial level persists and when the glass ceiling effect emerges. Using t-test and ANOVA, various aspects of the gender gap within managerial level were verified. The most significant finding is the glass ceiling effect starts from very low level of management. Policy implications from the statistical analysis of the Panel survey are: 1) We need to increase the absolute number of the women managers for securing middle level women leadership pipe line. 2) We need to confront the fact that the glass ceiling starts from the very low managerial level, and to explore more realistic way to break up the vicious circle for the tokenism. and 3) We need to looking beyond numbers in approaching women's matter at work. At the cultural and institutional level, work-family programs and policies, women's ratings of their competence, and family-friendly organization's climate should be considered.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.25-30
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• 2013

'Heaundae Woosin Building' fire was the case that a fire breaking out on the $4^{th}$ floor spread out the $38^{th}$ floor which is a top story and the penthouse was destroyed by fire. After this fire, the fire safety for high rise buildings has been on the rise and several new laws and regulations related in the buildings were created. The study is to analyze Heaundae officetel building case using FDS which is one of the CFD programs for fire. The methodology of this study is to analyze the case comparing with fire spread and route from a virtual fire simulation and related articles and a video clip of actual scene fire. This study shows that a fire spreading on top of levels spent approximately 30 minutes and, which is similar to the actual fire case. Also the pattern of spread has similarity with the case. However, even if the actual fire case shows the fire pattern was "V shape", the smoke-view presents the fire dose not spread horizontally as much as the real fire case. The result shows uncertainty of the modeling based on many grids and a limitation of putting interior finish input sources and the direction of the wind might cause the difference. Also, to analyze factors influencing on a vertical fire, another fire modeling is performed by in condition of modeling environment considering concrete interior finish between buildings and no wind. The result presents the fire spread in smoke-view does not spread vertically as much as the actual case.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.116-124
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• 2009

Recently the CPU performance of modem chipsets or multimedia processors of mobile phone is as high as notebook PC. That is why mobile phone has been emerged as a leading ICON on the convergence of consumer electronics. The various applications of mobile phone such as DMB, digital camera, video telephony and internet full browsing are servicing to consumers. To meet all the demands the image quality has been increasingly important. Mobile phone is a portable device which is widely using in both the indoor and outside environments, so it is needed to be overcome to deteriorate image quality depending on environmental light source. Furthermore touch window is popular on the mobile display panel and it makes contrast loss because of low transmittance of ITO film. This paper presents the image enhancement algorithm to be embedded on image enhancement SoC. In contrast enhancement, we propose Clipped histogram stretching method to make it adaptive with the input images, while S-shape curve and gain/offset method for the static application And CIELCh color space is used to sunlight readability enhancement by controlling the lightness and chroma components which is depended on the sensing value of light sensor. Finally the performance of proposed algorithm is evaluated by using histogram, RGB pixel distribution, entropy and dynamic range of resultant images. We expect that the proposed algorithm is suitable for image enhancement of embedded SoC system which is applicable for the small-sized mobile display.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.15
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• pp.78-95
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• 2014

To examine the materials, production techniques, and key features of Goryeo wooden lacquerwares, scientific analysis was conducted on six relevant lacquerware items. All of the items, except for a lacquered bowl ^{duksu 4123}, were found to have been made by first covering the surface of the wood with cloth and then varnishing with lacquer. The wooden frames of flower-shaped lacquered case and pine leaves shape lacquered case were made by wrapping thin wood around either the lid or bottom panel. In most cases, microscopic analysis revealed a lower layer of lacquer mixed with bone ash and bone dust, followed by an upper varnish layer of lacquer. SEM-EDS analysis and μ-XRF ^{Micro-X-ray Fluorescence} analysis showed that vermilion lacquer mixed with cinnabar was used on the surface. A lid decorated with a dot pattern was made by first varnishing the surface with yellow lacquer mixed with orpiment, and then irregular dot pattern with a mixture of black lacquer and soot. The vermilion lacquer used to varnish the side of the lacquered bowls was composed of lacquer mixed with cinnabar and minium ^{Red Lead}.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.162-172
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• 2016

Since the Northridge earthquake in 1994 and the Kobe earthquake in 1995 occurred, the concept of performance based design has been introduced for designing various kinds of important structures and buildings. Uniform hazard spectra (UHS), with annual exceedance probabilities, corresponding to the performance level of each structure, are required for performance-based design. The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed using spectral ground motion prediction equations, which were developed from both Korean Peninsula and Central and Eastern US region, and several seismotectonic models suggested by 10 expert panel members in seismology and tectonics. The uniform hazard spectra for 5 highly populated cities in Korea, with recurrence period of 500, 1,000, and 2,500 years using the seismic hazard at the frequencies of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0 Hz and Peak ground acceleration (PGA) were analyzed using the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. The sensitivity analysis suggests that spectral ground motion prediction equations impact much more on seismic hazard than what seismotectonic models do. The uniform hazard spectra commonly showed a maximum hazard at the frequency of 10 Hz and also showed the similar shape characteristics to the previous study and related technical guides to nuclear facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.777-782
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• 2011

Micro features on the surface are well-known to have significant effects on optical or mechanical properties such as the optical interference, reflectance at the surface, contact angle, interfacial friction, etc. These surface micro features are increasingly employed to enhance the functionality of the applications in various application areas such as optical components for LCD or solar panel. Diverse surface features have been proposed and some of them are showing excellent efficiency or functionality, especially in optical applications. Most applications employing the micro features need manufacturing process for mass production and the injection molding and roll-to-roll forming, which are typical processes for mass production adopting polymeric materials, may be also preferred for micro patterned plastic product. Since the functionality or efficiency of the surface structures generally depends on the shape and the size of the structure itself or the array of the structures on the surface, it would be very important to replicate the features very precisely as being designed during the molding the micro pattern applications. In this paper, a series of research activities is introduced for roll-to-roll forming of micro patterned film including filling of patterns with UV curable resin, demolding of surface structures from the roll tool, control of surface energy and cure shrinkage of resin and dispose time and intensity of the UV light for curing of UV curable resin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.955-960
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• 2019

The Computed tomography (CT) scan can have high radiation in a few tests, and this risk is significant given that it is often repeated in one patient. In children, the incidence of radiation-induced cancer is reported because organs are growing, are more sensitive to radiation. 3D printing has recently been studied to be applied to various applications as a research field for 3D printing applications, research on fabrication of radiation shields and materials has been conducted. The purpose of the 3D printer is to replace the existing panel-type shields and to make customized designs according to the shape of the human body. Therefore, research on 3D information processing to be input to the 3D printer is also necessary. In this study, 3D data of the human body surface, which is the preliminary step of the manufacture of patient-specific eye shield using stereo vision depth map technology, was studied. This study aims to increase the possibility of three-dimensional output. As a result of experimenting with this method, which is relatively simple compared with other methods of 3D information processing, the minimum coordinates for 3D information are extracted. The results of this study provided the advantages and limitations of stereo images using natural light and will be the basic data for the manufacture of eye shields in the future.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.239-270
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• 2017

This paper examines the relationship between ownership structure and the intensity of R&D expenditures of a firm by analyzing the panel data composed of 553 manufacturing firms in KSE(Korea Stock Exchange) and KOSDAQ listed firms for the period of 2007-2014. The major findings are as follows; (1) Regarding the relationship between CEO stockholding and R&D intensity, we find the inverted-U shape relationship in KOSDAQ firms, consistent with the theoretical discussion and empirical studies on U.S. firms. The result suggests that management stockholding reduces agency problem at the R&D margin. On the contrary, the insignificant result in KSE firms seems to be due to the scant stockholding of most 'non-owner' CEOs. (2) Regarding the relationship between the largest shareholder's portion and R&D intensity, KSE firms exhibit negatively significant relationship, suggesting the existence of serious agency problem between the largest shareholder and the minor shareholders. This agency problem seems to be alleviated in KOSDAQ firms mainly because the founders with technology expertise are still in charge of the business. (3) Foreign investors seem to fail in effectively encouraging R&D expenditures in either KSE or KOSDAQ listed firms. This study contributes to the existing literature by showing for the first time that ownership structure affects R&D activities in different ways between KSE and KOSDAQ firms.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.87-133
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• 2012

This paper consists of two parts. The first part introduces a simple endogenous growth model. It is based on Romer(1990), but extends the original model by incorporating individual workers skill heterogeneity. Based on the heterogeneity, the model has a labor allocation mechanism between skilled (research) and unskilled (production) sectors. Different from Romer(1990), the labor allocation is determined by both demand and supply conditions of the economy. The endogenous growth model presented in this paper shows how the shape of the distribution of human capital affects on the labor allocation, hence on the employment structure, wage profile and economic growth. The model can be extended to an open economy. With the heterogeneity, the extended model explains distributional effect as well as growth effect of the economic openness. The second part provides empirical evidence in support of the extension part of the model presented in the first part. Based on the endogenous growth framework as proposed by Romer(1990) and Rivera-Batiz and Romer(1991), the model explains how economic openness affects labor allocation between skilled and unskilled sectors. According to the model, economic openness can affect labor allocation through two channels; knowledge spillover and specialization. First, the openness promotes knowledge spillover and hence increases the productivity of workers in the skilled sectors. This makes the economy employs more workers in the skilled sector. On the other hand, the openness causes global specialization which leads more employment in the skilled sector for the developed countries but at the same time, leads less employment in the skilled sector for the developing countries since the developing countries have comparative advantages in the unskilled sector. The empirical results obtained using cross country panel data in this paper support these two effects of knowledge spillover and specialization.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-30
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• 2003

The recent experience about self-employment shows three main trends: first, its share out of the total workers has steadily increased, recording 37.6% in 2001, implying its prevalence and importance; second, its share out of male workers has caught up female workers', implying its importance to males as well as females; and finally, during the recent Economic Crisis when there was mass layoff and large scale bankruptcy, its share rapidly increased, reflecting its role of a buffer to economic fluctuation. However, there have been few studies on self-employment, mainly focusing on what makes someone choose it as an alternative to being employed. This study analyzes the determinants of the duration to terminate self-employment, by applying the proportional hazard model to the Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey(KLIPS) by the Korea Labor Institute. The KLIPS started the first wave in 1998 with the 5,000 household sample (and about 12,000 individual sample of household members aged 15 and more). In this study, the first four waves are used for analysis. The average duration of 5,357 spells of self-employment is 130 months. It shows slight difference between males(124 months) and females(138 months) while it widely ranges over industries (296 months for agriculture industry while 50 months for restaurant and hotel industry). Estimates of the proportional hazard model of the self-employment duration show that females are more likely to terminate self-employment while it is not statistically significant. The effect of age at starting self-employment on the hazard shows the inverse V-shape, which implies that, until a certain age(47 years), the hazard become higher as aging while, since then, it become lower as aging. The level of education has a positive effect on the hazard, implying that more education is related to the higher probability to be employed. The measures of economic performances, annual sales and earnings, are positively related to continuing self-employment while hardship at the start of self-employment measured by several ways has a negative effect. Training before opening business has a positive effect on keeping on self-employment and its effects are different over its providers, significantly positive for public providers while insignificant for private providers. More and further research on self-employment is urgent in the rapidly ageing society. To help workers to be self-employed, more public assistance is necessary for education, training, financing, marketing, management, and human resource management in order to make the olders consider self-employment as a good alternative rather than an inevitable one.