• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1997

Dynamic parameters of biochemistry including the POD (peroxidase) activity, contents of DNA and RNA, isozymes of POD and ES (esterase) in American send (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed are reported in the present paper. The dynamic changes of POD activity proved that the PAS (physiological afterripening stage) is a stage in which some substances are prepared for seed germination. The POD activity correlated with ER (embryo ratio) significantly DNA content changed little only within 0.0036∼0.013 mg/ml, which did not correlate with ER. RNA content changed from 0.1539 to 1.0313 mg/ml and correlated significantly with RE during all of the embryo afterripening. None of the POD isozyme band was obtained in ESGS (embryo slowly growth stage), but five bands in ERGS (embryo rapidly growth stage) and six bands in PAS. Four bands of ES isozymes were obtained in ESGS, but six bands in ERGS, particularly, the content of ES isozymes increased in PAS. All of these may provide some information for understanding the dormancy mechanisms of American song seed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.297-309
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• 1990

Ginseng is renowned for both its medicinal and herbal uses and successful cultivation of Panax ginseng in Asia and Panax Vtiinvtiefolilim in North America has until recently taken place in the native geographical ranges of the plants. As a consequence of the potential high capital return and anticipated increases in consumer consumption, commercial cultivation of American ginseng now occurs well outside the native range of the plant in North America. In fact, the region of greatest expansion of cultivation is in the semi-arid interior region of British Columbia, Canada. Linked with this expansion is the potential domination of the ginseng industry by agricultural corporations. In the interior of British Columbia, the native decidous forest environment of eastern North America is simulated with elevated polypropylene shade and a sllrface covering of straw mulch. The architecture of these environments is designed to permit maximillm machinery useage and to minimize labour requirements. Further, with only a four-year growth cycle, plant densities in the gardens are high. In this hot, semiarid environment, producers believe they have a competitive advantage over other regions in North America because of the low precipitation rates. This helps to minimize atmospheric humidity such that the conditions for fungal disease development are reduced. If soil moisture levels become limited, supplemental water can be provided by irrigation. The nature of the radiation and energy balance regimes of the shade and much environment promotes high soil moistilre levels. Also, the modified environment reduces soil heating. This can result in an aerial environment for the plant that is stressful and a rooting zone environment that is sub-optimal. The challenge of further refining the man modified environment for enhanced plant growth and health still remains.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 2004

Panax ginseng discarded and lower than 4th grade is caused by red skin disease showing red color skin in ginseng. This kind of red skin ginseng is found a lot in Panax ginseng rather than Panax quinquefolium, and it is considered that red skin disease might be caused by gene. Therefore, this study was carried out to detect genes resistant to red skin disease using RT-PCR. RNA was extracted from three years old ginseng root of both red skin and normal portion in the same root. After RNA extraction, PCR amplification was performed from cDNA using many random primers. As a result, specific band for red skin was found. It is considered that the gene forming band has possibility to be related with red skin disease, and this gene should be decided if it's related with red skin disease. If that gene is related with red skin disease, it will be used for transformation to foster for resistance to red skin disease as well as for selection marker. Bowever, if it's not related with red skin disease, more primers should be used to find gene related with red skin disease.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2010

The chemical characteristics of seed oils of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) at different ages grown in Korea (3, 4 and 5-year old) and China (5-year old), and American ginseng (Panax quinquefoliu L., 5-year old) grown in China were compared. Total fatty acid composition showed a significantly higher oleic acid content in American (87.50%) than in Korean (68.02~69.14%) and Chinese ginseng seed oils (61.19%). At the sn-2 position, the highest oleic acid (81.09%) and lowest linoleic acid (15.77%) were found in American ginseng seed oil. The main triacylglycerol species in ginseng seed oils were triolein (OOO) and 1,2-dioleoyl-3-linoleoyl-glycerol (LOO)/1,3-dioleoyl-2-linoleoyl-glycerol (OLO). In addition, the seed oils possessed an ideal oxidative stability showing 16.55~23.12 hr of induction time by Rancimat test. The results revealed that ginseng seed oil could be developed as a new healthy edible oil, and that the oil's chemical characteristics were strongly associated with the ginseng species and habitats.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2009

This study evaluates changes in the chemical composition and bioactivities of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) processed by boiling in water, $75^{\circ}C$ for 10, 20, 30, and 40 min, and autoclaving at high temperatures, $115^{\circ}C$ for 30 and 60 min and $130^{\circ}C$ for 90 and 120 min. Total ginsenoside contents of boiled ginseng remained relatively unchanged, whereas the contents of autoclaved ginseng samples significantly decreased with an increase of both time and temperature. Compared to unheated ginseng (control), the color of both boiled and autoclaved ginseng decreased in lightness and increased in redness. The acidic polysaccharide contents, the total phenolic contents and the antioxidant capacity of boiled and autoclaved ginseng were higher than the untreated ginseng, with the highest values being exhibited by the autoclaved samples. In particular, the antioxidant capacity of unheated ginseng increased about 2.5 times ($285.7{\pm}14.03\;mg$/100g to $777.2{\pm}26.4\;mg$/100g) when ginseng was autoclaved at $130^{\circ}C$ for 120 min as compared to the control. It was concluded that as American ginseng was processed at a high temperature, especially steam-heated in an autoclave, its chemical constituents changed and, in particular, acidic polysaccharides, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity were considerably increased.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.193-203
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• 1973

The saponins of two- and four-year-old American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) (Araliaceae) collected in July and September were studied. American ginseng saponins (panaquilins) differ from Korean ginseng $(Panax ginseng\;C.A.\;M_{EYER})$ saponins (ginsenosides). The American ginseng saponins separated and named were panaquilins A, B, C, D, E-1, E-2, E-3, G-1, G-2, (c) and (d). One-dimensional thin-layer chromatography did not completely separate panaquilin mixture and was subject to misinterpretation. The panaquilins were more accurately separated and identified by the two-dimensional thin-layer method established. Some differences in American ginseng saponins were dependent upon the plant age, time of collection, and part extracted. The American ginseng sapogenin components are panaxadiol (panaquilins B and C), oleanolic acid (panaquilin D) and panaxatriol (panaquilin G-1). The panaquilins E-1, E-2 and E-3 mixture contained both panaxadiol and panaxatriol. The genins of panaquilins A, (c), (d) and G-2 were not identified. In addition, ${\beta}-sitosterol$ and stigmasterol were identified from the root ether extracts.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 1997

Dynamic parameters of biochemistry including the contents of soluble carbohydrate (SC) , crude fat (CF) , fatty arid (FA) and soluble protein (SP) in American send (Panax qufnquelolium L.) seed are reported in the present paper. When embryo ratio (ER) increased from 7.31 to 20.48%, the SC content decreased from 4.08 to 1.16%. After that, SC content changed little. The CF content decreased successively from 34.50 to 14.40% from the beginning to the end during the embryo afterripening. The changes of FA content did not correlate with that of ER and the changing range of SP content was not large during the seed stratification. All of these may provide some information for understanding the dormancy mechanisms of American seng seed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.180-185
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• 2010

We investigated genetic diversity among and within the populations of cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer ) using SRAP profiles. A total of 24 ginseng plants were sampled from the three populations (two from China, one from Korea). Since all these populations are previously shown closely related to each other assister groups, we used Panax quinquefolium L. and wild ginseng as a reference species, which is not "within the sister group". All individuals from the three populations were screened with a total of 36 primer pairs with 26 primers generated from 328 SRAP bands of DNA gels. The mean gene diversity ($H_E$) was estimated to be 0.057 within populations (range 0.032-0.067), and 0.086 at the species level. The genetic differentiation (Gst=0.31) indicates that genetic variation apportioned 30% among populations and 70% within populations. Generally, the result of this study indicates that ginseng contains high molecular variation in its populations.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1974

미국인삼(美國人蔘) (오가과(五加科), Panax quinquefolium L.) 2년생(年生) 및 4년생(年生) 식물(植物)에 심지법(法)을 사용(使用)하여 $squalene-H^3$를 투여(投與)했을 때 미국인삼(美國人蔘) 사포닌(panaquilins)과 그 비당체(非糖禮)에 $H^3-incorporation$ 가능성(可能性) 여부(與否)를 검토 하였다. $squalene-H^3$ 섭취율은 매우 낮은 값을 보였으며 $(40{\sim}86%)$, $squalene-H^3$는 또한 panaquilin의 비당체(非糖體) 부분(部分)에는 incorporation 되지는 않았으나 당체(糖體)에는 squalene 대사물질(代謝物質)이 incorporation된 것으로 사료(思料) 되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 1988

A field experiment was conducted in the arid interior of British Columbia, Canada to assess the seasonal soil temperature and moisture regimes in an American ginseng garden. As a consequence of the man-modified microclimate (elevated shade canopy and surface covering of mulch), the growing environment of the crop was fundamentally altered when compared to adjacent agricultural growing environments. In the ginseng garden, soil temperatures were found to remain low throughout the growing season whereas soil moisture remained high when compared with the outside garden environment. These results indicate that even in the hot, arid environment of the interior of British Columbia, the growing of ginseng is undertaken in sub-optimal conditions for the major part of the growing season. This poses challenges for the producers of the crop to modify the architecture of the gardens to enhance the soil regime without creating a deleterious aerial environment.