• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2015

Shading and soil environment are the main factors of growth and yield in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Ginseng yield is directly related to survival rate because of increased missing plant for their growing period. Under field conditions, diseases and pests significantly affect plant survival rate. We evaluated the seedling establishment, growth and ginsenoside of the ginseng plants, under controlled management conditions in a plastic greenhouse, when their treated with different types of organic matter. Ginseng seeds were sown at a rate of three seeds per hole, and the seeding space measured $10cm{\times}15cm$. Compared to the control, treatment of cattle manure vermicompost (CMV) was shown to increase seedling establishment and decrease ginsenoside content. Root weights of plants treated with CMV were higher than those of plants treated with other types of organic matter. In addition, seedling establishment of 2-year-old ginseng plants was decreased when it was compared to that of 1-year-old ginseng plants. Our results indicated that organic matter type and rate were associated with seedling establishment, growth characteristic and ginsenoside content in greenhouse of ginseng direct-sowing culture.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.519-526
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• 2021

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of cold plasma treatment on the improvement of seed germination and surface sterilization of ginseng seeds. Methods: Dehisced ginseng (Panax ginseng) seeds were exposed to dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma operated in argon (Ar) or an argon/oxygen mixture (Ar/O₂), and the resulting germination and surface sterilization were compared with those of an untreated control group. Bacterial and fungal detection assays were performed for plasma-treated ginseng seeds after serial dilution of surface-washed suspensions. The microbial colonies (fungi and bacteria) were classified according to their phenotypical morphologies and identified by molecular analysis. Furthermore, the effect of cold plasma treatment on the in vitro antifungal activity and suppression of Cylindrocarpon destructans in 4-year-old ginseng root discs was investigated. Results: Seeds treated with plasma in Ar or Ar/O₂ exhibited a higher germination rate (%) compared with the untreated controls. Furthermore, the plasma treatment exhibited bactericidal and fungicidal effects on the seed surface, and the latter effect was stronger than the former. In addition, plasma treatment exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against C. destructans and reduced the disease severity (%) of root rot in 4-year-old ginseng root discs. The results demonstrate the stimulatory effect of plasma treatment on seed germination, surface sterilization, and root rot disease suppression in ginseng. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the cold plasma treatment can suppress the microbial community on the seed surface root rot in ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.83-87
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• 1996

The effects of gibberilin ($GA_3$) on levels of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin in both fresh and stratified American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) seeds were investigated. In our first experiment, the fresh seeds were stratified after soaked in 80 ppd $GA_3$ solution for 24 hours. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 50.7% and 82.1% respectively at the 120th day and the 188th day of stratification, and the zeatin concentration also increased by 3.8% and 51.6% respectively. In our second experiment, we treated the seeds after 134 days stratification with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then continued to stratify them. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 32.9% and 17.7% respectively at the 164th day and the 208th day of stratification while zeatin concentration increased by 22.7% and 30.6% respectively In our another experiment, we studied the effects of $GA_3$, abscislc acid (ABA) and GA, plus ABA on germination rate of seeds treated with these plant hormones during stratification. We found that when the stratified seeds whose ratio of embryo had reached 75% were treated with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then were allowed to be stratified for another 88 days, the weight and length of embryo (p < 0.05), and germination rate (p < 0.01) increased. In contrast, the 25 ppm ABA treated with for 24 hours was found to Inhibit the growth of embryo (p < 0.05) and reduce the germination rate (p < 0.05) . The experiment of combination treatment of $GA_3$ and ABA showed that $GA_3$ could relieve the inhibitory effects of the ABA on the development of the seeds.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.389-396
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• 2017

Background: Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is wood-cultivated ginseng (WCG) in Korea which depends on an artificial forest growth method. To produce this type of ginseng, various P. ginseng cultivars can be used. To obtain a WCG similar to wild ginseng (WG), this method is usually performed in a mountain using seeds or seedlings of cultivated ginseng (CG) and WG. Recently, the WCG industry is suffering a problem in that Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen or Panax quinquefolium L. are being sold as WCG Korean market; These morphological similarities have created confusion among customers. Methods and Results: WCG samples were collected from five areas in Korea. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using the primer pair labeled with fluorescence dye (FAM, NED, PET, or VIC), fragment analysis were performed. PCR products were separated by capillary electrophoresis with an ABI 3730 DNA analyzer. From the results, WCG cultivated in Korea showed very diverse genetic background. Conclusions: In this study, we tried to develop a method to discriminate between WCG, P. notoginseng or P. quinquefolium using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Furthermore, we analyzed the genetic diversity of WCG collected from five cultivation areas in Korea.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.274-278
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• 2013

본 실험에서는 인삼 씨의 식품 유용자원으로서의 가능성을 알아보기 위해, 각국 인삼 씨의 무게, 일반성분, 무기질, 지방산 조성, 총 당, 산성다당체 함량을 비교해보았다. 먼저 인삼 씨의 백립중은 AGS가 $4.21{\pm}0.31g$으로 가장 무거웠다. 일반성분의 경우 조단백질 함량은 AGS가 $17.00{\pm}1.04%$로 가장 높았고, 조회분 함량은 KGS3가 $8.65{\pm}0.31%$로 매우 높은 값을 나타내 무기질이 풍부한 식품임을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 저연근의 인삼일수록 무기성분이 많았던 연구결과와 일치했다. 조지방 함량은 AGS가 $24.06{\pm}0.57%$로 가장 높은 값을 나타냈고 조섬유소 함량은 43.21-47.49%로 전체 씨의 절반 정도가 섬유소로 이루어진 섬유질이 매우 풍부한 식품 자원임을 확인할 수 있었다. 무기질은 칼륨과 인이 가장 많이 함유된 것으로 나타났다. 지방산 조성은 96% 이상이 불포화 지방산으로, oleic acid (C18:1, n9c)가 79.93-87.09%로 가장 높게 나타났고, linoleic acid (C18:2, n6c)가 8.94-15.82%로 다음으로 많은 함량을 보였다. 품종이 다른 AGS는 유의적으로 oleic acid와 linoleic acid 조성에 차이가 났고, linolenic acid가 전혀 검출되지 않아 품종에 따른 지방산 조성의 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 총 당 함량은 15.00-26.17 mg glucose/g으로 인삼에 비해서는 적었지만, 다른 씨와 비교했을 때 매우 높은 수치로 비교적 당을 많이 함유하고 있는 씨라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 인삼 산성다당체는 0.56-0.80 mg ${\beta}$-D-galacturonic acid/g을 함유해 소량이지만 최근 유효성분으로 알려진 인삼 산성다당체를 함유하고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.423-428
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• 2014

This study was performed to identify optimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds and to examine the effect of $GA_3$ treatment for improvement of seed stratification rate. Ginseng seeds harvested from Land race, Chunpoong and Yunpoong cultivar in July 20 were tested for stratification rate. It was shown that stratification rates of land race, Yunpoong and Chunpoong cultivar were 94.1%, 93.1%, and 82.6%, respectively. Seeds of Chunpoong cultivar harvested 10-15 days later showed a comparable stratification rate to that of Land race, indicating that late harvest of Chunpoong seeds is beneficial for the increase of stratification rate. The higher stratification rate was found in mature seeds (92.3%) than immature seeds (37.8%), both of which were harvested in July 20. Stratification rate of mature seeds harvested in July 15 was 87.5%, demonstrating optimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds with higher stratification rate is after mid-July. An exponential growth of endosperms of ginseng seeds was observed from early June to mid-June and then slow growth was observed. There was no obvious growth of embryos from fertilization to mid-August. After the this time, embryos quickly grew until late October. Thus, appropriate stratification control is essential during the period (from early September to late October) in order to optimize embryo growth and development. While no increase of stratification rate was observed in seeds treated with 50 ppm of $GA_3$, significant increases were observed in seeds treated with 100 ppm of $GA_3$. At this concentration of $GA_3$, the stratification rate of Land race, Chunpoong and Yunpoong cultivar was 95.0%, 95.3%, and 96.5%, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.167-170
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• 2001

개갑 인삼종자의 생리적 휴면타파를 위한 적정 저온감응기간을 조사하였다. 채종하여 3개월간 모래로 층적저장하여 개갑이 완료된 종자의 배는 배유의 1/2정도의 크기를 보였다. 인삼종자는 채종 당시의 미숙한 배가 형태적으로 거의 완전한 발달을 보이기까지는 6개월 정도가 소요되었으며, 배의 신장의 실외보다는 실내에 저장하였던 종자가 더 빨리 자랐다. 배 신장이 완료된 종자라 할지라도 60일 이하의 저온처리된 종자는 발아가 되지 않았으며, 발아에 필요한 저온감응기간은 실외의 자연상태에서는 75일 정도이며, 냉장온도(4$^{\circ}C$)에서는 90일 정도가 적정하였다. 그러나 적정의 저온감응을 받은 종자라 할지라도 상온데 지속적으로 방치하게 되면 그 효과는 현저히 감소되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.148-163
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• 1999

The efficacy of three auxins, viz. 2,4-0, NAA and dicamba, were compared for the induction of somatic embryogenesis in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.). Somatic embryos (SEs) formed on ginseng cotyledonary, zygotic embryo and shoot explants after 8 weeks of induction by the auxin stimuli. Significantly more somatic embryos were induced by culture of any of the ginseng explants on media supplemented with $5{\mu}M$ 2,4-0 than any other auxin treatment. Shoots derived from somatic embryos had the greatest regenerative potential and zygotic embryos the least. Explants generated from green (unstratified) seeds gave similar or higher frequency of embryogenesis as the explants derived from stratified seeds. Histological and SEM studies confirmed that the regenerimts were somatic embryos. Somatic embryos germinated and developed into normal plants in $3\~6$ months. About $10\%$ of plantlets from second generation SEs formed flowers within 10 weeks, particularly on media supplemented with $GA_3$ The development of a regeneration system for ginseng through somatic embryogenesis is a necessary first step for mass propagation and genetic improvement of American ginseng.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.81-81
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• 2019

Ginseng seeds are one of short-lived seeds species which loose their viability easily in the condition of conventional storage. Cryopreservation using liquid nitrogen (LN) has been recommended as a alternative storage for this kind of germplasm short lived or dessiccation-sensitive. This study was performed to find out whether cryopreservation could affect physiological change such as enzyme activity induced by reactive oxygen species. In this work, the redox ratio of ascorbate and glutathione were examined onto ginseng seedlings before and after LN storage of seeds for 1 day using spectrophotometer method. Reduced ascorbate (ASA) was increased while oxidized ascorbate (DHA) was decreased slightly for both after 1d-LN storage. And for glutathione also, reduced form (GSH) was increased while oxidized form (GSSG) was decreased slightly for both after 1d-LN storage. Consequently total phenol compound and ion leakage after LN storage showed no significant differences. Additionally root growth from the seeds after LN storage was not affected by ultra low temperature. From the above results, we may suggest that cryopreservation could be recommended for storage tool of ginseng seeds even with low viability also and expected to make slower seed aging process during preservation period through further study.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.284-293
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• 2016

Background: Developing new ginseng cultivars is a significant time-consuming process owing to the three years of growth required for ginseng to flower. To shorten the ginseng breeding process, it is necessary to establish rapid progression through each generation. In this study, we examined it was possible to rapidly break ginseng seed dormancy using gibberellic acid ($GA_3$) treatment and alternating temperature. Methods and Results: Seeds were obtained from local variety. Seeds were treated with either $GA_3$ at a concentration of $100mg/{\ell} $, constant temperature ($-2^{\circ}C$ and $2^{\circ}C$), alternating temperature ($2^{\circ}C$ followed by $-2^{\circ}C$, followed by $2^{\circ}C$) or a combination $GA_3$ and temperature treatment. Following experimental treatment, seeds were sown into trays and placed in a greenhouse. Low germination rates were observed in seeds that did not receive $GA_3$ treatment, which were similar following $2^{\circ}C$ and $-2^{\circ}C$ constant temperature treatment. Germination rates increased in proportion to $GA_3$ and more so when combined with alternating temperature treatment. In additon, stem and leaf lengths of the resulting ginseng plants were increased following $GA_3$ treatment, although no synergistic effect was observed with alternating temperature treatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that a combination $GA_3$ and alternating temperature treatment enhances ginseng seed germination, which can contribute to shortening the time required to progress through a single ginseng generation for breeding.