• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.1379-1382
• /
• 2008

This study was performed to provide basic information that can be used to differentiate Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng CA. Meyer) berry and seed from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed. Total ginsenoside contents of Korean ginseng berry, Korean ginseng seed, and American ginseng seed were 9.09, 3.30, and 4.06%, respectively. Total ginsenoside content of Korean ginseng berry was about 2.2 to 2.7 times higher than those of Korean ginseng seed and American ginseng seed. Particularly ginsenoside Re content of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng berry (5.99%) was about 3.6 to 5.4 times higher than that of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng seed (1.65%) and 4-year cultivated American ginseng seed (1.10%). The contents of total ginsenoside and ginsenoside Re of Korean ginseng berry were about 4.8 and 28 times higher, respectively, than those of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng root. In general the contents of total ginsenoside and ginsenoside Re of Korean ginseng berry were significantly higher than those of Korean ginseng seed and American ginseng seed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 1992

Structural changes of the endosperm of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer from fertilization to germination were investigated by light microscope. The endosperm of the ginseng seed is cellular type. Since endosperm cells adjacent embryo continuously breakdown and disappear with the elongation of embryo, the real of endosperm is gradually decreased. As the anatropous ovules of immature seed with green seed coat developes more and more, ovary cells adjacent ovary cavity become abundant by the periclinal division, their size is decreased, hypotrophy of cell wall discern, and they are gradually differentiated in seed coat. Though embryo responds strongly to basic dye at the stage of completion of endosperm formation, tissue of endosperm responds to acidic dye positively Cell wall of embryo and endosperm are composed of primary cell wall not lignified. Endosperm cells adjacent embryo begin to breakdown in the endosperm tissue of indehiscent seed before the beginning of the after-ripening. Dehiscent seed of which seed coat is opened through after-ripening represent the form as a seedling in the result of embryo developments with the formation of organs; radicle, cotyledon, plumule. Umbilifom layer represents strong positive response to the toluidine blue and the basic function. Umbiliform layer that endosperm cells breakdown and disappear is observed clearly at the periphery of the embryo cotylemon, while slightly at the periphery of the radicle.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.275-281
• /
• 2010

The chemical characteristics of seed oils of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) at different ages grown in Korea (3, 4 and 5-year old) and China (5-year old), and American ginseng (Panax quinquefoliu L., 5-year old) grown in China were compared. Total fatty acid composition showed a significantly higher oleic acid content in American (87.50%) than in Korean (68.02~69.14%) and Chinese ginseng seed oils (61.19%). At the sn-2 position, the highest oleic acid (81.09%) and lowest linoleic acid (15.77%) were found in American ginseng seed oil. The main triacylglycerol species in ginseng seed oils were triolein (OOO) and 1,2-dioleoyl-3-linoleoyl-glycerol (LOO)/1,3-dioleoyl-2-linoleoyl-glycerol (OLO). In addition, the seed oils possessed an ideal oxidative stability showing 16.55~23.12 hr of induction time by Rancimat test. The results revealed that ginseng seed oil could be developed as a new healthy edible oil, and that the oil's chemical characteristics were strongly associated with the ginseng species and habitats.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.134-136
• /
• 1994

The effects of soil phosphorus level on seed emergence, seedling mortality, plant and root development of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) were evaluated in a newly planted commercial ginseng garden. Phosphorus levels were increased from 58 ppm to 100, 150 and 200 ppm with triplephosphate (0-45-0). Higher phosphate levels increased, seed emergence and reduced seedling mortality. Root length, diameter, fresh root weight and total leaflet length were not affected by phosphate levels.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.45-56
• /
• 1984

This study was carried out to obtain the basic information on the development of flower bud and to clarify the characteristics of flower organ and flowering in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). The formation of flower bud in the dormancy bud of Korean ginseng was initiated about the middle of June and completed late in September. The ovary, style and anther of Panax ginseng, violet-stem and yellow-berry variants, were formed earlier than those of Panax quinquefolium. Panax ginseng, therefore, flowered earlier by one month in comparison with Panax quinquefolium. As for the effect of temperature on the flowering of ginseng, both species, Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium, grown at 20 $^{\circ}C$ flowered earlier than those at 15 $^{\circ}C$ and field conditions, but did not flower at 30 $^{\circ}C$. Seed characters were better in Panax ginseng than in Panax quinquefolium and the amount of seeds showed the highly significant positive correlation coefficient with peduncle length in both Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.295-315
• /
• 1986

Structure and differentiation mechanism of the seed coat of Panax ginseng are studied with light and electron microscopes to clarify the developmental processes of seed coat and the structural changes during the differentiation of the seed. The seed coat of ginseng is differentiated from the inner cell layers of ovary wall, which can be compared with the seed coat differentiated from integument(s) in other plants. The single integument is differentiated into endothelium, which is degenerated to one layer of 4${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in thickness, composed of remants of cell wall components in fully ripened seed. The ripened seed coat is composed of three layers; fringe layer, inner layer and palisade layer, and all of the them are crossed at right angles with one another. This may be the cause of protection of the kernel from other mechanical injuries. The thickness of fully ripened seed coat is about 300~600 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and arrangements of sclereids are irregular. However, the raphe region of seed coat is thin about 200 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in thickness and sclereids in that region are arranged regularly. This is the important cause for the cleavage of the seed coat during post-maturation process. The vascular bundles on the raphe are still remaining after sarcocarps are removed, and one of the branches of vascular bundles entered into the seed coat through the hilum and extended to chalazal region. During post-maturation process, the supply of water being necessary for growth of embryo may be accompolished by the vascular bundles entered into the seed coat through the opened hilum.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2017

Seed dehiscence of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mayer) is affected by moisture, temperature, storage conditions and microbes. Several microbes were isolated from completely dehisced seed coat of ginseng cultivars, Chunpoong and Younpoong at Gumsan, Korea. We investigated the potential of five Talaromyces flavus isolates from the dehiscence of ginseng seed in four traditional stratification facilities. The isolates showed antagonistic activities against fungal plant pathogens, such as Cylindrocarpon destructans, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia nivalis, Botrytis cinerea, and Phytophthora capsici. The dehiscence ratios of ginseng seed increased more than 33% by treatment of T. flavus GG01, GG02, GG04, GG12, and GG23 in comparison to control (28%). Among the treatments, the reformulating treatment of T. flavus isolates GG01 and GG04 showed the highest of stratification ratio of ginseng seed. After 16 weeks, the reformulating treatment of T. flavus isolates GG01 and GG04 significantly enhanced dehiscence of ginseng seed by about 81% compared to the untreated control. The candidate's treatment of T. flavus GG01 and GG04 showed the highest decreasing rate of 93% in seed coat hardness for 112 days in dehiscence period. The results suggested that the pre-inoculation of T. flavus GG01 and GG04 found to be very effective applications in improving dehiscence and germination of ginseng seed.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.117-125
• /
• 1991

This study has been carried out to investigate the development of dictyosome, and roles of dictyosome about the formation of spherosome in the endosperm cell during seed formation of Panax ginseng with electron microscope. The result is as follows; In the endosperm cells of early stage during seed formation of Panax ginseng, plastid, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosome and ribosomes are evenly distributed in cytoplasm. Electron lucent vesicles derived from dictyosome are observed in endosperm cells. Vesicles that contain low electron density are derived from forming face of dictyosome and releases into the cytosol. This vesicles formed multi vesicular body or fused with the plasma membrane. The spherical spherosomes are formed from dictyosome containing the lipid materials of even electron density and are gradually increased in size and number. Dictyosome is located in between vacuole and spherosome and it's cisternae form a semicircle and a circle. Some membrane of the protein body that accumulate the storage protein are originate from the spherical vacuole which interfused between vesicles and vacuoles derived from dictyosome.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.168-172
• /
• 1998

Systematic electrophoretic analysis of alcohol-soluble proteins and salt-soluble proteins of 247 Panax ginseng (P.g) and Panax quinquefolium (P.q) germplasms seed was carried out on an improved lactate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a method with high resolving power, good reproducibility and stability. The electrophoregrams of proteins, according to their migration rate, were classified into four groups such as ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$ and $\omega$ for the alcohol-soluble proteins and three such as I, II and III for the salt-soluble ones. Panax ginseng or Panax quinquefolium had their own unique band pattern distinguishable from each other, regarding as their specific "fingerprint". In this study, 3 of 168 (1.8%) P.g germplasms and 1 of 79 (1.3%) P.q germplasms had their own unique band pattern, showing that P.g and P.q germplasms have poor genetic diversity in species. The band patterns of dry seed and stratified seed (embryo rate=60%) were basically the same. The band number of the F, hybrid of p.gx p.q was exactly equivalent to the number of the common bands plus the specific bands of the two parents, indicating that the difference of band patterns was a genetic trait con- trolled by the nuclear genes. The electrophoregram of F1 of P.g x P.q could be predicted by that of the two parents and the band pattern of the F1 hybrids could be demnonstrated by that of the mixed seed extract from the two parents.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.85-90
• /
• 1997

This study was carried out to clarify the cause of incompatibility in interspecific hybrid plant between Panax ginseng and p. quinquefolium. The floral structure of F,(p.g. x p.q.) hybrid was normal because the redundant anther was 0.2 mm longer than pistil in Fl hybrid and the size and structure of redundant carpel in F, hybrid were similar to P. ginseng and p. quiquefolium Pollens of $F_1$ hybrid did not germinate on stigma of P-quinquefolium but germinated well on stigma of P. ginseng. Pollen tube was able to penetrate styles completely and seed harvest rate was 16.8% in field. However on stigma of $F_1$ hybrid, Pollen did not germinate when P. ginseng was used as male Parent. In addition, the growth of pollen tube was halted on style and seed was not set when P qlfinquefoEi2a was used as male Parent. These suggest that the inhibitor of pollen germination present on stigma caused $F_1$ hybrid sterility. It took 5 hours for pollen grains to germinate, 12 hours to arrive at in trance of ovule, 16 hours to penetrate micropyles in Panax ginseng.