• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.35-46
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• 2002

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been one of the most highly recognized medicinal herbs in the Orient. Previous experiments have demonstrated that $Rg_3,\;and\;Rg_5$ statistically significantly decreased the incidence of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse lung tumor, $Rh_2$ showed tendency of decrease and $Rh_1$ showed no effect. It was, therefore, concluded that $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;and\;Rh_2$ are active cancer chemopreventive components in red ginseng and they either singularly or synergistically act in the prevention of cancer. This study was undertaken to compare the cancer chemopreventive effects of $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;and\;Rh_2$(purity: more than $60\%$) isolated from fermented ginseng extract and BST fermented ginseng with fortified ginsenoside $Rg_3\;and\;Rh_2$. The cancer chemopreventive effects were investigated in experimental groups treated with benzo(a)pyrene(BP) with ginsenoside $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;Rh_2\;or\;BST$ at three doses of $50^{\circ}C/ml,\;100^{\circ}C/ml\;and\;200^{\circ}C/ml$ When mice given with $50^{\circ}C/ml$ concentration of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ combined with BP for 6 weeks after BP administration, $Rg_3\;showed\;60\%$ of lung tumor incidence, where as $100^{\circ}C/ml\;and\;200^{\circ}C/ml\;of\;Rg_3$ combined with BP groups had significant decrease of incidence $(40.0\%)$ respectively, with the inhibition rate being $35.5\%.$ While the tumor incidence was not decreased in the group treated with BP and 50 of $Rg_5,$ the incidence was $34.0\%\;and\;32.0\%$ in the group treated with BP and 100 and 200 of $Rg_5$, respectively. These incidences were significantly less than the group treated with BP alone, with the inhibition rate being $45.2\%\;and\;48.4\%,$ respectively. On the other hand, in the group treated with BP and 50 of ginsenoside $Rh_2,$ the tumor incidence was not decreased. However, the incidence was $40.0\%\;and\;38.8\%$ in the experimental treated with BP and 100 and 200 of $Rh_2,$ respectively, with the inhibition rate being $45.2\%\;and\;48.4\%,$ respectively. In addition, the incidence showed the tendency to decrease in the experimental group treated with BP and 50 of BST which contained $16.2\%\;of\;Rh_2,\;15.4\%\;of\;Rg_3\;and\;2.5%\;of\;Rg_5.$ The tumor incidence was $54.0\%$ in this group. In the group treated with 100 and 200 of EST, the incidence was $34.0\%\;and\;30.0\%,$ respectively, the incidences significantly being lower than the group treated with BP alone, with the inhibiting rate being $45.2\%\;and\;51.6\%,$ respectively. The results of this study strongly suggested that ginsenoside $Rg_3,\;Rg_5\;and\;Rh_2$ are the active components of red ginseng having a cancer chemopreventive activity and $Rg_5$ is the strongest cancer chempopreventive among them. On the other hand, the results demonstrating that the incidence of lung tumor was more markedly reduced by BST fermented ginseng with fortified ginsenoside $Rh_2\;or\;Rg_3$ compared to the single component alone, suggest that the combination of these components may remarkablely improve the cancer preventive effect

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.144-158
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to report the effect of Korean medical treatment in case of germ cell tumor patient treated by chemotherapy. Methods: The patient was treated with Korean medical treatment (herbal medicine, acupuncture) for 11 months. By taking computed tomography and laboratory testing, we could compare before and after. Results: The patient treated with combination of Korean medical treatment and Chemotherapy recovered after taking Korean medicine for 11 months. Panax ginseng, C.A. Meyer, Astragalus membranaceus, Rhus Verniciflua Stokes were main ingredient of the korean medical treatment. Conclusions: This report shows the Korean medical treatment is effective on Germ cell tumor patient. Korean medical treatment alleviates the side-effect of Chemotherapy such as nausea, vomiting, hot flush and anorexia. Also Blood test results prove long-term use of Korean medicine is safe for lung and kidney function.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.87-87
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• 2019

The consumption of herbal medicine and related products (herbal products) have increased in South Korea. At the same time the quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal products is being raised. Currently, the herbal products are standardized and controlled according to the requirements of the Korean Pharmacopoeia, the National Institute of Health and the Ministry of Public Health and Social Affairs. The validation of herbal products and their medicinal component is important, since many of these herbal products are composed of two or more medicinal plants. However, there are no tools to support the validation process. Interest in deep learning has exploded over the past decade, for herbal medicine using algorithms to achieve herb recognition, symptom related target prediction, and drug repositioning have been reported. In this study, individual images of four herbs (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz, Poria cocos Wolf, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer), actually sold in the market, were achieved. Certain image preprocessing steps such as noise reduction and resize were formatted. After the features are optimized, we applied GoogLeNet_Inception v4 model for herb image recognition. Experimental results show that our method achieved test accuracy of 95%. However, there are two limitations in the current study. Firstly, due to the relatively small data collection (100 images), the training loss is much lower than validation loss which possess overfitting problem. Secondly, herbal products are mostly in a mixture, the applied method cannot be reliable to detect a single herb from a mixture. Thus, further large data collection and improved object detection is needed for better classification.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.235-241
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• 1983

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of soil moisture content and planting depth on the growth of 2-year old ginseng plant. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. When the ginseng seedlings were planted in soil by 4 to 5cm in depth, the length of leaflet and stem and the number of branch roots were significantly decreased but the stem diameter was increased. 2. Highly significant quadratic regressions were shown between soil moisture content and the growth of the stem, leaf and root of the ginseng plant. 3. Estimated amount of soil moisture for the maximum growth of the stem was 75% of field capacity, and that for length and width of the leaflet was about 65 to 66% of field capacity. Estimated soil moisture for the maximum growth of the root was about 56 to 58% of field capacity and that for increase in root weight was about 60 to 61% of field capacity. 4. Estimated soil moisture content for best growth of ginseng roots was 1 to 5% lower when the seedling was planted in 3cm depth compared with 2cm in depth. And when the amount of soil moisture was 31% of field capacity, the deep planting was adequate for good root growth. 5. Significant correlations were resulted between the dry weight of roots and the leaf length, the leaf width and the dry weight of stem and leaves. And also, significant correlations were obtained between the ratio of root dry weight to root fresh weight and the stem length, the leaf length, the leaf width and the dry weight of stem and leaves.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

To investigate whether there are estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities in various medicinal herbs and discover prominent chemo-preventive agents, we screened and compared the ethanol extracts of 9 plants through the recombinant yeast assay and MCF-7 human breast cancer cell assay, In recombinant yeast assay, seven medicinal herbs showed estrogenicity, and four extracts showed androgenecity. In MCF-7 proliferation assay, the growth of MCF-7 cells was inhibited by eight extracts before and even after co-treatment with bisphenol A. It is interesting that the extracts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Cassia tora, Syringa velutina, Zingiber officinale, Malva verticillata, and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer exhibited inhibitory effects as phytoestrogens in estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cells. This study suggests that some Korean medicinal herbs might be considered as phytoestrogens and be useful to further analyze those plants which contain the estrogenic effect in order to identify the active principles.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.221-224
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• 2006

To analyze how the furrow directions made by the azimuth of $90^{\circ}-270^{\circ}(N\;90^{\circ})$, $120^{\circ}-300^{\circ}(N\;120^{\circ})\;and\;0^{\circ}-180^{\circ}(N\;180^{\circ})$ effect on the growth characteristics and yield of 2 and 3-year-old ginseng, both of $N\;90^{\circ}\;and\;N\;180^{\circ}$ compared with$N\;120^{\circ}$ recommended as the standard practices for ginseng cultivation. $N\;90^{\circ}$ showed lower quantum and air temperature during forenoon, while it showed higher quantum and air temperature from 15:00 to 19:00 than that of $N\;120^{\circ}$. $N\;180^{\circ}$ showed high quantum and air temperature due to the distinct increase of sunlight penetrated from 9:00 to 11:00, and which were similar to that of$N\;120^{\circ}$ during afternoon. Stem length and leaf area in $N\;90^{\circ}\;and\;N\;180^{\circ}$, respectively, were decreased more than that of$N\;120^{\circ}$, and those in $N\;180^{\circ}$ were decreased more distinctly than $N\;90^{\circ}$. Heat injury rate was decreased in $N\;90^{\circ}$, while it was increased distinctly in $N\;180^{\circ}$ that showed high quantum and air temperature, and which showed great variation according to the year. Yield of $N\;180^{\circ}$ was decreased more than that of$N\;120^{\circ}$ in 2004, the year when it was a relatively high air temperature during summer season, but which was increased more than that of$N\;120^{\circ}$ in 2005 showing a rotatively low air temperature.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.213-223
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• 2011

This study was conducted to test the efficacy of plum (Prunus mume) and red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A Meyer) marc as stress inhibitors under heat stress and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in broilers by investigating their effects on blood biochemical parameters, immunoglobulin concentration and splenic cytokine mRNA expressions. A total of one hundred ninety-two 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into 2 stress conditions (heat and LPS) experiments. Each experiment was divided into 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates of 3 birds in each group. NC (negative control, no immune substances), PC (positive control, 25 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan), PM (1% plum marc) and RGM (3% red ginseng marc) treatments were administered with respective substance through water supplementation. During heat stress, The Ca/Mg ratio in PM and RGM was significantly decreased in comparison with that of NC (P<0.05). The immunoglobulin M was significantly lower in PM than in NC (P<0.05). Expression patterns of splenic cytokine mRNAs (IL-1, IL-2 and IL-6) were similar over the treatment. Expression rates of IL-1 and IL-2 in PM were significantly decreased in comparison with NC. Also, expression rates of IL-1, IL-2 and IL-6 were significantly lower in RGM than in NC (P<0.05). In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of plum and red ginseng marc improved coping ability to heat stress by preventing Ca/Mg ratio increment and by inhibiting inflammatory response in broiler chicks. However, it is necessary to determine optimal dietary level of red ginseng marc for improving growth performances in broiler chickens. These results suggest the possibility that plum and red ginseng marc could be used as the stress inhibitor under heat stress and inflammatory response in broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.415-422
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• 2010

Red ginseng(RG, steamed and dried root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, family Araliaceae) and fermented red ginseng(FRG, fermented red ginseng by yeast and lactic acid bacteria) are known to show different pharmacological effects by changed composition of saponins through fermentation. We examined the effects of RG and FRG on $\beta$-hexosaminidase secretion, ICAM-1 expression, the mitogen-induced proliferation of lymphocyte from mice in ex vivo systems and HaCaT cell(keratinocyte) proliferation to compare the anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects between both groups. RG groups showed inhibition of $\beta$-hexosaminidase secretion and ICAM-1 expression at $1{\mu}g/ml$, $10{\mu}g/ml$ and the same effects were observed at all concentrations in FRG groups. In our study, RG increased LPS-induced B cell proliferation at $1{\mu}g/ml$ and ConA-induced B cell proliferation at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ but FRG decreased LPS- and ConA-induced lymphocytes at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$. We showed that FRG increased the proliferation of HaCaT at 1, $10{\mu}g/ml$ but not by RG. These findings suggest that RG and FRG might have anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects, which can be needed to proper clinical concentration to applied to various allergic diseases and inflammation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.504-509
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• 2015

This research carried out to figure out the effect of the green manure crop cultivated at a preparation field and the shading net on the growth, development, and quality of ginseng. Followings are results obtained from the research. Leaf width of ginseng under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polythylene net (TBTBPN) was good at rye and hairy vetch cultured group. Leaf length of ginseng under the shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN) was good at barley and hairy vetch cultured group. Meanwhile, leaf width was good at hairy vetch cultured group. Leaf length of ginseng under a blue polyethylene sheet (BPS) was good at a barley and barley + hairy vetch cultured group, but stem length was shorter compare to other shading net cultivations. Root weight of ginseng was good under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN) at a rye and hairy vetch cultured group, and was good under the shading net of a three-layered blue and onelayered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN) at a barley + hairy vetch cultured group, but there was no significant difference under blackout screen according to manure crop varieties. Ratio of rusty root was 10.2% at the barley cultured group under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN), and was 23.1% at hairy vetch cultured group under shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN). Ratio of rusty root was the lowest at a rye cultured group regardless the shading nets. Content of the ginsenoside was the highest at the rye cultured group under the shading net of two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN), was the highest at the barley cultured group under the shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN), and was the highest at the rye cultured group under the blackout screen.