• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.419-427
• /
• 2016

To examine whether the effect on utilization of ambulatory dental care are associated with oral disease according to pack-years of smoking in Korean population. Using data from Korea Health Panel between 2008 and 2012, we analyzed 3,866 participants who were male and more than 20 years. Pack-years of smoking were significantly associated with utilization in ambulatory dental care after adjustment for age, marital status, family income, and chronic disease. Ambulatory dental visitation frequency has been estimated to increase by 6% when 10.0 pack-years of smoking increased. Especially, the smokers who had 20.0~29.9 and 30.0 or more pack-years of smoking in forties and fifties males were 25% and 52% respectively more than non-smokers in utilization of ambulatory dental care.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.521-530
• /
• 1994

Background : The past studies on prediction formulas of pulmonary function parameters in healthy nonsmoking Korean adults have been performed in relatively small number of subjects and the reported results were restricted on a few parameters. Also there was no systematic investigation into the effect of smoking on pulmonary function parameters in smokers who have no respiratory symptoms. Therefore we attempted to establish prediction formulas of pulmonary function parameters and examined the effect of smoking on pulmonary function parameters. Methods We analyzed the result of parameters derived from the forced expiratory spirogram in 1,067 nonsmoking subjects from June in 1990 to December in 1991. They consisted of 306 males and 761 females and had neither respitatory symptoms nor history of respiratory disease. We derived prediction formulas by multiple linear regression method from their age, heights, and weights in each sex. To examine the effect of smoking on pulmonary function parameters, we classified 383 smoking men into three groups according to the past amount of smoking as follows : i.e. group of smokers who have smoked below 10 pack-years, 10-20 pack-years and above 20 pack-years. Regarding each group of past smoking as an independent dummy variable, we analyzed pulmonary function parameters including nonsmoking men as a baseline by multiple linear regression. We evaluated the smoking effect on pulmonary function parameters according to estimated p-value. Result : 1) Prediction formulas for pulmonary function parameters in each sex were derived. 2) The past smoking less than 10 pack-years does not give any effect on pulmonary function parameters. The past smoking of 10~20 pack-years showed significant negative correlation with $FEV_1$/FVC and FEF 25~75%, and the smoking above 20 pack years showed negative correlation with $FEV_1$ and $FEV_1$/FVC. Conclusion : We have got prediction formulas of pulmonary function parameters which is driven from forced expiratory spirogram in nonsmoking Korean adults by multiple linear regression from age, heights and weights of subjects. The past smoking more than 10 pack-years showed negative correlation with some pulmonary function parameters of airflow obstruction.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.81-92
• /
• 2009

Objective : This study was designed to the effect of moxibustion therapy on the pain decrease and joint recovery with degenerative knee arthritis Methods : The research was administered from January to March 2008. The study subjects are menopause female 20 person and over 50 years old with degenerative knee arthritis patients, The Research were conducted with 10 moxibustion group and to 10 hot pack group during 4 Weeks. Results : 1. There is no significant difference of LSS of pre-treatment between hot pack group and moxibustion group(p<0.05). 2. There is no significant difference of LSS of post-treatment between hot pack group and moxibustion group(p<0.05). 3. There is no significant difference of LSS between pretreatment and post-treatment in hot pack group and moxibustion group(p<0.05). 4. There is no significant difference of VAS of pre-treatment between hot pack group and moxibustion group(p<0.05). Conclusion : This study suggests that hot pack used usually in physical therapy can decrease pain but the there is no significantly different between these two methods.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.175-189
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between pack-years of smoking, metabolic biomarkers, and diet quality in male adults. We analyzed data from the combined 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The extent of smoking was quantified in pack-years (py), with 1 py equivalent to 20 cigarettes per day for 1 year. Subjects (n=1,318) were recruited and divided into two groups according to age (30~49 years age group, n=695; ${\geq}50$ years age group, n=623). In ach age group, subjects were divided into three groups according to the extent of smoking, which included non-smokers (30~49 years, n=156; ${\geq}50$ years, n=217), light smoker (30~49 years, n=269; py<16; ${\geq}50$ years, n=189, py<31), and moderate smoker (30~49 years, n=270; $py{\geq}16$; ${\geq}50$ years, n=217, $py{\geq}31$). The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score, DVS) were analyzed by using the data from the 24-recall method. The results showed that moderate smokers were significantly more likely to drink alcohol compared with the other two groups. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly higher in smoker groups. The non-smoker group consumed significantly higher levels of vitamin C and potassium compared to the smoker groups. In the diet quality, vitamin C NAR of non-smoker group was significantly higher than those of smoker groups. In the ${\geq}50$ age group, the MAR of nonsmoker, light, and moderate smoker groups were 0.81, 0.78, and 0.78 respectively. The smoker group consumed significantly greate sugar and oils compared to the non-smoker group. Py showed a significantly positive relationship with serum triglyceride level, and a negative relationship with MAR after adjusting for potential confounding factors. In conclusion, male moderate smokers take too little vitamin C, partly due to low diet quality. Therefore, a well-planed diet must be used to replace the nutrients lost from excluded food groups in smoker.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.149-156
• /
• 2009

Purpose：The hamstring muscle has an important role in standing, walking and other functions related to daily living. Most people with Cerebral Palsy(CP) have muscle tightness, especially in the hamstring, which may cause abnormal alignment in the lower extremities. To investigate an effective treatment for hamstring muscle tightness by observing the effects of heat pack or Soft tissue mobilization(STM) on hamstring muscles. Methods：Thirteen-two volunteers with CP aged between 9 and 13 years($M\pmSD$: $11\pm1.46$), were recruited and divided into four groups of four: (1) the STM for people with Spastic CP group, (2) the heat pack(HP) for people with Spastic CP group, (3) the STM for people with Mixd CP group, and (4) the heat pack for people with Mixed CP group. All received treatment three times per week for six weeks. A inclinometer was used to measure for hip flexion & knee extension joint range motion(ROM). Results：The ROM of hip flexion & knee extension were improved at the STM and HP for people with Spastic CP groups. The ROM and hip flexion were improved at the STM and HP for people with Mixed CP groups. The amount of increase ROM are differenced by the types of CP. Conculusion：STM and heat pack, both are effective for people with CP especially for Spastic CP.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.140-148
• /
• 2010

Objectives: Determining the work-relatedness of lung cancer developed through occupational exposures is very difficult. Aims of the present study are to develop a decision tree of occupational lung cancer. Methods: 153 cases of lung cancer surveyed by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute (OSHRI) from 1992-2007 were included. The target variable was whether the case was approved as work-related lung cancer, and independent variables were age, sex, pack-years of smoking, histological type, type of industry, latency, working period and exposure material in the workplace. The Classification and Regression Test (CART) model was used in searching for predictors of occupational lung cancer. Results: In the CART model, the best predictor was exposure to known lung carcinogens. The second best predictor was 8.6 years or higher latency and the third best predictor was smoking history of less than 11.25 pack-years. The CART model must be used sparingly in deciding the work-relatedness of lung cancer because it is not absolute. Conclusion: We found that exposure to lung carcinogens, latency and smoking history were predictive factors of approval for occupational lung cancer. Further studies for work-relatedness of occupational disease are needed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.2663-2667
• /
• 2012

Objectives: An attempt was made to understand the nicotine dependence of smokers selected for an ongoing smoking cessation intervention programme in rural Kerala, India. Methods: Data were collected from resident males in the age group of 18 to 60 years from 4 randomly allocated community development blocks of rural Thiruvananthapuram district (2 intervention and 2 control groups). Trained accredited social health activist workers were utilised to collect data from all groups through face to face interview. Nicotine dependence among participants was assessed by means of the six-item Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) translated into the local language. The internal consistency of FTND was computed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Criterion validity (concurrent) was assessed by correlations of nicotine dependence scores with age at initiation of smoking and cumulative smoking volume in pack-years. Results: Among the 928 smokers identified, 474 subjects were in the intervention area (mean age = 44.6 years, SD = 9.66 years) and 454 in the control area (mean age = 44.5 years, SD = 10.30 years). The overall FTND score among current daily smokers was 5.04 (SD: 5.05). FTND scores in the control and intervention areas were 4.75 (SD: 2.57) and 4.92 (SD: 2.51) respectively. The FTND scores increased with age and decreased with higher literacy and socioeconomic status. The average FTND score was high among smokers using both bidi and cigarettes (mean 6.10, SD 2.17). Internal consistency analysis yielded a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.70 in a subsample of 150 subjects, a moderate result. The association of the scale was strongest, with the number of pack-years smoked (rho = 0.677, p < 0.001). Conclusion: A moderate level of nicotine dependence was observed among smokers in the current study. Tobacco cessation strategies could be made more cost effective and productive if a baseline assessment of nicotine dependence is completed before any intervention.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.149-156
• /
• 1999

This study was due to investigate the dietary intakes, serum lipids and other hematological indices in female adolescent smokers. The subjects were 85 smokers, whose average pack-year(smoking years on the basis of one pack of cigarettes per day) was 1.26 and 87 nonsmokers who were female high school students in Seoul. An anthropometric measreument was performed and % body fat was also analyzed by the Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer(GIF-891). Dietary intakes and food habits were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided. Nutritional analysis program for professional(CAN-pro). Serum TG, HDL-cholesterol and total-cholesterol levels were measured with test kits. Serum glucose, albumin, GOT and GPT were measured by automated dry chemistry system, SPOTCHEM 4410. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC and MCV were determined by Semi Automated Microcell Counter(F-520). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. There was no significant difference in the anthropometric measurements between smokers and nonsmokers. The caloric intake in adolescent smokers tended to be higher than that of nonsmokers but the difference was not statistically significant. In addition, there was no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in biochemical indices. Analysis of serum lipids showed that the serum levels of total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of nonsmokers were unexpectedly significantly higher(p<0.05) than those of smokers. Overall results indicate that smoking itself with short pack-year in healthy female adolescent did not seem to influence apparent health and nutritional status.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.387-393
• /
• 2013

In this study, the domestic onion skin has been used to investigate the anti-wrinkle effect of the ethanolic extract. The onion skin has been known to contain a large amount of antioxidant including quercetin. Solvent extraction by 80% ethanol was carried out of the onion skin. The high amount of quercetin have been identified using HPLC as a bioactive compound. The extraction yield of the quercetin increased according to temperature up to $80^{\circ}C$. Two different antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS) were performed to determine the free-radical scavenging activity of onion skin extracts. The antioxidant activities ($EC_{50}$ of DPPH) of the vitamin C and the onion extracts were 2.2 and $5.09{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The results of ABTS tests were 2.33 (of vitamin C) and $2.40{\mu}g/mL$ (of the onion extracts), respectively. In a clinical study, a panel of 10 female volunteers between the ages of 30 and 40 (mean age: 42 years) was given a mask pack containing 1% of this extracts for 4 weeks. It was shown that a highly significant reduction in the deep and moderate wrinkled was obtained with those treated with this onion extracts as compared to the control group. The reduction in deep wrinkles increased with time. Eye wrinkle were reduced statistically significant (p<0.05). The application of the proper topical cream and mask pack containing onion skin extracts has therefore shown to be effective enhancing anti-wrinkle activities.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.739-742
• /
• 2016

Risks with GSTM1 genotypes and potential roles of smoking in the susceptibility to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were studied in Northeastern Thailand. Study subjects were 79 histologically-confirmed OSCC cases (31 men, 48 women) and 79 age- and sex-matched healthy controls ranging in age from 25 to 84 years. GSTM1 genotyping was achieved by two independent PCR assays. The GSTM1 null allele and the homozygous genotype did not increase risk of OSCC vs the wild type allele and the remaining genotypes. When the focus was on the smoking habit, male subjects who smoked ${\geq}10$ or ${\geq}35$ years were at significantly increased risk for OSCC with adjusted ORs of 4.88 [95%CI, 1.41-16.87, p=0.012] or 4.94 [95%CI, 1.62-15.12, p=0.005], respectively. A higher risk for OSCC was found for smoking amount; those who smoked >5 or >10 pack-years were at a higher risk with adjusted OR of 4.46 [95%CI; 1.45-13.74, p=0.009] or 3.89 [95%CI; 1.34-11.28, p=0.012], respectively. There are certain smoking patterns that give greater risks and thus both smoking duration and pack-years should be taken into consideration in tobacco related cancer prevention.