• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.651-657
• /
• 2016

It is important to know know deleterious impact of deicing salt on plants for guidelines of planting along roads. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) on the growth and physiological characteristics of Liriope platyphylla and Pachysandra terminalis. The plants were grown from November of 2015 to March of 2016 in pots containing growing media with $CaCl_2$ at 0% (Control), 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0% (based on the weight). While plant growth and photosynthetic activity were significantly decreased in both plant species grown on the media with $CaCl_2$, the degree of sensitivity to $CaCl_2$ differed. The plant growth of Liriope platyphylla was considerably injured under higher than 3.0% of $CaCl_2$, whereas Pachysandra terminalis was all dead under higher than 1.0% of $CaCl_2$. This results indicate that Liriope platyphylla has higher degree of tolerance to the deicing salt than Pachysandra terminalis.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.262-268
• /
• 2014

A fungal isolate DUCC5000 from a garden plant Pachysandra terminalis was identified as Paraconiothyrium brasiliense based on the results of morphological and molecular studies. The fungus formed brown to black conidiomata of (0.2-0.7)-2(-3.5) mm singly or as a group on PDA. Conidia measured $2-5{\times}1.8-3{\mu}m$ in size, hyaline, ellipsoid to short-cylindrical, and rounded at both ends. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA of the isolate shared 100% nucleotide sequence homology with those of known P. brasiliense isolates. Phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS sequence analysis showed that the DUCC5000 isolate formed a clade with known isolates of P. brasiliense. The fungal mycelia grew better on oatmeal agar than on MEA and PDA. On PDA media under various pH conditions, fungal mycelial growth was observed at pH 9. Colony morphology of the fungus tended to alter depending on the kinds of nutrient media and pH condition. On chromagenic media, the fungus demonstrated its ability to produce extracellular enzymes including amyalse, avicelase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, protease, and xylanase. However, in pathogenicity testing, no disease symptoms were observed on the leaves of P. terminalis. This strain is the first report on P. terminalis in Korea.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.61-67
• /
• 2010

Six evergreen ground-cover species including Ajuga reptans, Carex morrowii 'Variegata', Dianthus 'Night Star', Hedera helix 'Ivalace', Pachysandra terminalis, and Sedum rupestre, were tested for cold acclimation with three different light treatments (0, 30, and 70% of shading, respectively) to select potential candidates for over-wintering in central Korea. Among those species, Ajuga reptans, Carex morrowii 'Variegata', and Sedum rupestre performed well, which had more than 50% of survival rate in all light conditions. However, Dianthus 'Night Star' had less than 40% under any light treatment and the other two species, Hedera helix 'Ivalace' and Pachysandra terminalis, survived more than 40% only with 70% of shading condition. These results imply that those candidate species having less cold hardness in central Korea could have the potential to could over-winter as long as a proper light condition is provided.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2016

Currently, urban green space is disappearing due to urbanization, industrialization and various environmental problems including the disruption of the ecology in urban areas. To solve such problems and increase urban green area, roof greening has been suggested as an alternative. Through observing the responses of three plant species (Mukdenia rossii, Dianthus chinensis, and Pachysandra terminalis) plantrd on the soil mixed with Geohumus, this study investigated the effect of Gehumus on soil water content and plant survival. Soil water content of the rooftop soils has been increased when mixed with Geohumus. The responses were proportional to the amount of Geohumus in the mixture. Geohumus exerted a stronger influence on raising soil moisture content for soil A which had lower water-holding capacity. The stress responses of the plants varied in relation to the amount of Geohumus and soil moisture content. The stress response was lowest for Dianthus chinensis and increased in the order of Mukdenia rossii and Pachysandra terminalis. With the highest plant stress, Pachysandra terminalis showed the lowest survival rate among the three species. Without irrigation, the plants survived only for six weeks on green roofs. The survival rate differed depending on the amount of Geohumus mixed. The results of the experiment showed, with some exceptions, that Geohumus helped to improve soil water content, reduce plant stress, and extend plant survival period.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.29-32
• /
• 1999

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of shading (0, 35, 55, 75, 95% to incident sunlight) on the growth of Hedera rhombea Bean and Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. et Zucc. in order to determine optimum light intensity for ground cover plants. H. rhombea showed a upright growth type under 95% shading and P. terminalis was highest under 35% shading. Number of branches was not significantly affected by shading levels. Stem diameter and length were reduced under shading from 35% to 95%. Leaf growth was vigorous under 35% and 55% shade condition. Leaves became longer with decreasing light intensity, but shorter in 95% shading than control. There was a slight trend that total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, b contents increased with decreasing light intensity, and so did chlorophyll a/b ratio. Fresh and dry weight of both plants were higher under 35, 55, and 75% shading than control and 95% shading. Specific leaf weight tended to decrease with reduction of light intensity. Thus, optimum light intensity for growth of them may be 35 and 55% shading of incident sunlight. In addition, it is possible to grow them under even 75% shading of incident sunlight.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide information on management and apply it to a roadside ground cover plant understanding the capacity of calcium chloride in the plant. The experimental group was composed of the ratio control group of calcium chloride, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3.0% in 500g of soil. Plant materials were selected and measured according to their ecological characteristics such as ground cover plant, Pachysandra terminalis, Hosta plantaginea, Trachelospermum asiaticum, Vitex rotundifolia, Euonymus japonica and Callicarpa japonica. The acidity of the amended soil was increased gradually depending on the treatment and conductivity was continually decreased. The EX-Ca increased after the treatment, but decreased in the middle of the experiment. Pachysandra terminalis, Trachelospermum asiaticum and Euonymus japonica were able to grow and survive at the ratio of 0.5%. Hosta plantaginea and Vitex rotundifolia were able to survive at the ratio of 1.0%. Hosta plantaginea, the possible state can absorb salts due to moisture and, can be applied to ground cover plants in the roadside. The growth and development of Callicarpa japonica was poor and the leaves were open to grow for calcium chloride treatment except the control group. It was concluded that Callicarpa japonica was very sensitive to calcium chloride.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2011

Three evergreen ground-cover species were tested and evaluated for cold acclimation with different lights in central Korea to enrich the varieties of ground cover plants for over-wintering. Nandina domestica which recently started to be planted in central Korea had high chlorophyll unit with shade condition in both locations, Banpo and Gwacheon during winter. Light condition had no influence on chlorophyll unit in Banpo after April, meanwhile full sun condition decreased chlorophyll unit significantly in Gwacheon, which is exposed to cold wind from north. Ophiopogon japonicas had more than double chlorophyll unit in shade condition compared to that in full light condition in both investigation areas in February. In addition, higher value of L and b in shade condition had been maintained than in full sun condition throughout investigation period. However, leaves in Gwacheon were de-colorized in full sun condition after over-wintering. Pachysandra terminalis had more higher chlorophyll unit in shade condition compared to in full sun condition in both investigation areas in February. But light conditions had not effect the difference of chlorophyll unit of Gwacheon in April. Therefore, The present results suggest that evergreen ground covers with shade condition would be used as landscape materials in the capital area.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.255-265
• /
• 2020

Background and objective: The purpose of this study was to provide guidelines for irrigation management by analyzing the effects of soil moisture on the growth characteristics of herbaceous plants in green infrastructure. Methods: In a rain shelter greenhouse, the growth performance of nine species of experimental plants was assessed under different soil moisture contents (20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, and 1%) for about 5 months to analyze plant growth characteristics due to soil humidity. Methods to determine plant growth conditions include surveying growth conditions of the crowns, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits on the aerial part and surveying growth conditions of the roots in the underground part. Results: The results showed that Mukdenia rossii and Astilbe rubra grew well at 15% moisture content with irrigation intervals of 10 and 13 days, respectively. Soil moisture content of 10% with irrigation intervals of 13 and 17 days was appropriate for Sedum kamtschaticum and Pachysandra terminalis. Similarly, Aquilegia japonica and Liriope platyphylla grew well at 15% moisture content with irrigation intervals of 10 and 17 days. However, Ligularia stenocephala grew well-developed stems and roots at 1% soil moisture content and an irrigation interval of 25 days, while the optimum conditions for Lythrum anceps were 5% moisture content and an irrigation interval of 8 days. Conclusion: Although a limited number of experimental plants were used in this study, this study could propose an appropriate irrigation cycle for planting on artificial soil substrates. Based on these results, it is possible to plan suitable planting designs considered irrigation cycles.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.264-271
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the growth and light utilization efficiency of garden plants in shade area through chlorophyll fluorescence reaction analysis. Ten garden plants was grown for 75 days under 50% and 80% shading conditions. Under shading, $ET2_O/RC$, the fluorescence parameter related to electron-transport in photosystem II, was effectively enhanced. However, the electron transport flux until PSI acceptors per reaction center ($RE1_O/RC$) was reduced. These changes in photochemical parameters evoked a decrease in performance index (PI) and driving force (DF) of electron transport flux. In addition, some photochemical parameters such as $F_V$, $FV/F_O$, $RE1_O/RC$, $ET2_O/RC$, $PI_{TOTAL\;ABS}$, and $DF_{TOTAL\;ABS}$ were found to be important for shade tolerance. Three species (Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc, Physostegia virginiana L., and Carex maculata Bott) were found to be shade tolerant. Based on these results, shading factor index (SFI) deduced from photochemical parameters is useful for evaluating of shading stress of garden plants.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.72-76
• /
• 2021

The amount of evapotranspiration (water absorption) according to wind speed showed the same trend in gold mound (Spiraea × bumalda), Japanese spurge (Pachysandra terminalis), and ivy (Hedera japonica Tobler). All the three plants showed maximum water absorption at 4 m·s-1; water absorption tended to decrease as wind speed decreased. The control group without wind speed treatment had the most amount of water absorption compared with the groups that were subjected to wind exposure. However, the plant growth of all three plants increased to the maximum value when wind speeds were 2 and 1 m·s-1. When comparing the relationship among water absorption, air temperature, and relative humidity, the water absorption of plants tended to be low from May 20 to 26, when air temperature and relative humidity were the lowest. The results of this study will help establish an urban wall-planting system taking building wind into consideration. Further, this study may help in the selection of plant types for ecological parks in windy islands.