• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.423-431
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• 2021

SPECK과 SIMON은 NSA(National Security Agency)에서 개발한 경량블록암호이며 SIMECK은 SPECK과 SIMON의 장점을 결합하여 만든 새로운 경량블록암호이다. 본 논문에서는 SPECK, SIMON, SIMECK을 사용한 대용량 암호화를 구현 하는데 있어 병렬 처리에 용이한 GPU를 활용하였다. NVIDIA에서 제공하는 CUDA 라이브러리를 활용하였으며 불필요한 연산들을 제거하기 위해 CUDA 어셈블리 언어 PTX를 사용하여 성능을 극대화 하였다. 단순 CPU 구현과 GPU를 활용한 구현 결과를 비교해보았을 때, 더 빠른 속도로 대용량 암호화를 수행할 수 있었다. 또한 GPU 구현 시, C언어를 사용한 구현과 PTX를 사용한 구현을 비교해 보았을 때, PTX 사용 시, 성능이 더욱 증가하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.183-186
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• 1997

Acute toxicity of pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2) was examined in mice. Treatment of mice with a toxic dose of PTX2 resulted in clinical signs such as ataxia, cyanosis and an abrupt decrease in body temperature. Histopathological studies revealed that the liver is the major target organ for PTX2. Activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) were significantly elevated by PTX2 administration. Glucose-6-phosphatase activities were not changed by the treatment. The PTX2 treatment decreased relative liver weight without changing the body weight. The effect of PTX2 on hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme system was determined. An ip dose of PTX2 (200 $\mu$g/kg) induced a significant decrease in the hepatic microsomal protein content. Cytochrome P-450 content, cytochrome b$_5$ content, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine N-demethylase activities, or hepatic glutathione content were not altered by PTX2 treatment.

• 생약학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.280-285
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• 1997

Pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2), isolated from marine sponges, was examined for its hepatotoxic potential using male ICR mice. PTX2 $(20\;or\;100\;{\mu}g/kg/day,\;ip)$ was administered to mice repeatedly for one or two week. Histopathological examination revealed an increase in granularity in the liver from the mice treated with PTX2. PTX2 did not alter the parameters for hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity such as sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Cytochrome P-450, cytochrome $b_5$, or NADPH cytochrome c reductase was net changed by repeated administration of PTX2. Hepatic microsomal activity of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, but not aminopyrine N-demethylase, was slightly depressed by PTX2 administerd repeatedly $(100\;{\mu}g/kg/day,\;ip)$ fur 2 weeks. The toxicity of PTX2 $(200\;{\mu}g/kg/day,\;ip)$ was determined in mice pretreated with a metabolic inducer or inhibitor such as phenobarbital, 3-methyl-cholanthrene, $CoCl_2$, or SKF 525-A. Significant alterations in lethality and hepatotoxicity of PTX2 were observed in mice pretreated with a metabolic modulator. The results suggest that liver seems to be the target organ for PTX2 toxicity and also that induction of the PTX2 toxicity may be associated with hepatic drug metabolizing activity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.4215-4221
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• 2013

Purposes: Lung cancer is prevalent worldwide and improvements in timely and effective diagnosis are need. Pentraxin-3 as a novel serum marker for lung cancer (LC) has not been validated in large cohort studies. The aim of the study was to assess its clinical value in diagnosis and prognosis. Methods: We analyzed serum PTX-3 levels in a total of 1,605 patients with LC, benign lung diseases and healthy controls, as well as 493 non-lung cancer patients including 12 different types of cancers. Preoperative and postoperative data were further assessed in patients undergoing LC resection. The diagnostic performance of PTX-3 for LC and early-stage LC was assessed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) by comparing with serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragments (CYFRA 21-1). Results: Levels of PTX-3 in serum were significantly higher in patients with LC than all controls. ROC curves showed the optimum diagnostic cutoff was 8.03ng/mL (AUC 0.823, [95%CI 0.789-0.856], sensitivity 72.8%, and specificity 77.3% in the test cohort; 0.802, [95%CI 0.762-0.843], sensitivity 69.7%, and specificity 76.4% in the validate cohort). Similar diagnostic performance of PTX-3 was observed for early-stage LC. PTX-3 decreased following surgical resection of LC and increased with tumor recurrence. Significantly elevated PTX-3 levels were also seen in patients with non-lung cancers. Conclusions: The present data revealed that PTX-3 was significantly increased in both tissue and serum samples in LC patients. PTX-3 is a valuable biomarker for LC and improved identification of patients with LC and early-stage LC from those with non-malignant lung diseases.

• Mycobiology
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a soluble pattern recognition receptor (PRR), which is produced by several kinds of cells, such as neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells. PTX3 is known to play an important protective effect against Aspergillus. Genetic linkage in gene-targeted mice and human PTX3 plays a non-redundant role in the immune protection against specific pathogens, especially Aspergillus. Recent studies have shown that the polymorphism of PTX3 is associated with increased susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis (IA). In this review, we provide an overview of these studies that underline the potential of PTX3 in diagnosis and therapy of IA.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.311-314
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• 2007

Paclitaxel (PTX) is an antineoplastic agent approved for the treatment of ovarian and breast carcinomas. However, the use of paclitaxel as an anticancer drug is limited by its extremely poor water solubility (below $0.3\;{\mu}g/mL$). Furthermore, it has very low bioavailability when administered orally because paclitaxel is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump. In this study, buccal delivery of PTX was investigated as one of the alternatives for PTX delivery. Ethanol and glyceryl monooleate (GMO) were selected as permeation enhancing agents to increase solubility and permeation across buccal mucosa of PTX. At the different concentrations of ethanol solution ($30{\sim}70\;w/w\;%$), PTX permeation was studied, followed effects of GMO in the concentration range of $2.5{\sim}25%$ with ethanol vesicle. The transbuccal ability of PTX was evaluated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells mounted with rabbit buccal mucosa. As a result, incorporation of PTX into ethanol vesicle with GMO significantly enhanced the PTX permeation in rabbit buccal mucosa. Particularly, the mixtures of ethanol:water:GMO at the ratio of 50:47.5:2.5 showed the most excellent enhancing ability. The results showed a promising possibility for buccal delivery of PTX.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1447-1451
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• 2007

해양생물 유래 항암활성을 가지는 천연물의 탐색과정에서 해면동물에서 유래된 PTX-2는 p53 결손 암세포에서 세포독성 효과가 높은 것으로 보고된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 인체 간암세포 모델을 이용하여 PTX-2의 효능을 조사한 결과는 p53 결손 Hep3B 세포에서 p53 정상 HepG2에 비하여 항암활성이 매우 높았으며, 이는 apoptosis 유발과 연관성이 있음을 확인하였다. PTX-2에 의한 Hep3B 세포의 apoptosis 유발은 DFF family의 발현 변화, pro-apoptotic Bax 및 Bcl-xS 단백질의 발현 증가, caspases (-3, -8 및 -9)의 활성화 등이 관여함을 알 수 있었다. PTX-2는 또한 Hep3B 세포에서 AKT 및 ERK1/2의 활성화를 유도하였으며, caspase-3, AKT 및 ERK1/2의 특이적 저해제에 의하여 PTX-2에 의한 세포증식 억제 효능이 유의적으로 감소되었다. 본 연구는 PTX-2에 의한 Hep3B 세포에서의 apoptosis 유도에 AKT 및 ERK1/2 신호 전달 경로가 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 보여주는 결과이다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.90-94
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• 2019

Objectives: Paclitaxel (PTX) as an anticancer drug used against solid cancers, possesses adverse reactions such as neuropathic pain which has confined its use. PTX-induced neuropathic pain is mediated via activation of oxidative stress. Berberine (BER), an isoquinoline phytochemical found in several plants, exerts strong antioxidant and painkilling properties. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate pain-relieving effect of BER in a mouse model of PTX-induced neuropathic pain. Methods: This study was done using 42 male albino mice that were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 7) as follow: Sham-operated (not treated with PTX), negative control group (PTX-treated mice receiving normal saline), BER 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg (PTX-treated mice receiving BER) and positive control group (PTX-treated mice receiving imipramine 10 mg/kg). Neuropathic pain was induced by intraperitoneal administration of four doses of PTX (2 mg/kg/day) on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Then, on day 7, hot plate test was done to assess latency to heat to measure possible anti-neuropathic pain effect of BER. Results: Four doses of PTX 2 mg/kg/day induced neuropathy that was reduced by BER at all time-points (i.e. 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min) after injection (P < 0.001 in comparison to control). The statistical analysis of data showed significant differences between groups (P < 0.001 in comparison to negative control), at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after injection of BER 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg; in other words, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after BER administration, neuropathic pain was significantly reduced as compared to normal saline-treated mice. Conclusion: Altogether, our results showed that PTX could induce neuropathic pain as reflected by hyperalgesia and BER could alleviate PTX-induced thermal hyperalgesia.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.230-237
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• 1999

목적 : 두경부암 환자들은 방사선조사 후 부작용으로 타액선의 기능부전인 구강건조증이 흔히 유발되어 치료 후 회복이 늦어지고 삶의 질이 저하된다. 방사선조사와 함께 혈류개선제로 알려져 있는 pentoxifylline (PTX)과 칼슘 통로차단제로 알려져 있는 diltiazem (DTZ)을 단독 또는 병합으로 투여한 후 타액선의 만성변화를 분석하여 이 약제들의 방사선손상 억제 가능성을 분석해 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : Sprague-Dawley 쥐 16마리를 네 군 즉, 1) 방사선조사 단독군, 2) 방사선조사와 PTX 투여군, 3) 방사선조사와 DTZ 투여군, 4) 방사선조사와 PTX, DTZ의 병합투여군으로 분류하였다. 4 MV 선형가속기를 이용하여 16 Gy 일회로 타액선 부위에 방사선조사를 시행하였다. PTX은 방사선조사 20분 전에 kg당 50 mg을, DTZ은 방사선조사 30분 전에 kg당 20 mg을 복강 내로 각각 투여하였다. 방사선조사후 10주와 16주후에 타액선을 절제하여 H&염색을 하여 병리학적 소견을 관찰하였고 만성변화의 객관적 지표인 세포질내 공포 형성의 정도를 백분율로 측정하여 각 군간의 평균값을 비교하여 통계적인 유의성을 $x^2$-검사에 의해 확인하였다. 결과 : 방사선조사 10주 후 타액선의 선방세포질 내에서 다수의 공포형성이 관찰되었으며 방사선조사와 PTX 투여군, 또는 PTX과 DTZ 병합투여군에서는 이들 세포질내 공포 형성이 통계적으로 의미 있게 감소하였다(p vaiue, 0.001). 그러나 DTZ 투여군에서는 세포질내 공포 형성 정도가 방사선조사단 독군에 비해 통계적으로 의미 있게 감소되지 않았다(p value, >0.05). 방사선조사 후 16주에 관찰한 실험 군들에서도 선방세포질내 공포형성의 차이가 10주군들과 각기 유사한 소견을 보였으며 10주와 다른 점은 선방세포의 전체 수가 감소된 것과 간질 내 섬유화의 증가였다. 결론 : 방사선조사를 받은 쥐의 타액선에서 PTX 투여, 혹은 PTX과 DTZ 병합 투여결과 만성손상이 감소되었음을 관찰하였고 이로 미루어 보아 PTX이 방사선조사후 발생하는 구강건조증을 예방하는 효과적인 약제가 될 수 있으리라 생각한다.

• 폴리머
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2014

약물방출 고분자 코팅 스텐트는 수술후 재협착을 획기적으로 줄였지만, 약물방출이 균일한 구조체를 제작하는 것이 어렵고 체내에 구조체를 영구적으로 남겨야 하는 부담을 여전히 가지고 있다. 이를 해결하는 방안으로 생분해성 고분자로 스텐트를 제작하는 방법들이 활발하게 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 조형가공기술(solid freeform fabrication, SFF)의 하나인 쾌속조형기법(rapid prototyping technique)의 3차원 플로팅(3D plotting) 기술을 이용하여 파크리탁셀(PTX) 약물을 함유한 폴리카프로락톤(PCL) 3차원 구조체를 제작하였고, 생분해성 PCL 고분자로부터 PTX의 방출거동과 스텐트 제작 가능성을 고찰하였다. 약물을 포함한 구조체의 표면특성을 SEM으로 확인한 결과 굴곡이 자연스럽고 매끄러운 표면을 가지고 있었다. FTIR을 통해서 약물이 성공적으로 구조체에 포함되었음을 확인하였고, NMR과 HPLC를 통해서 PCL 구조체 중의 PCL함량과 PTX의 서서히 방출됨을 확인되었다. 또한 세포실험을 통해 구조체에서 방출된 약물이 생물학적으로 활성을 유지하고 있으며, 반복제작된 구조체에서도 균일한 활성의 약물이 방출됨을 확인하였다. 이와같은 쾌속조형기법을 이용하여 약물을 포함하는 구조체를 제작하고 분석함으로써, 생분해성 고분자 스텐트로서의 적용가능성을 제시하였다.