• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

Flame extinction and the chemistry of stoichiometric methane/air mixture were investigated numerically in the PSR(perfectly stirred reactor). For the study, PSR code was modified to be possible to unsteady calculation, and the sinusoidal fluctuation was subjected to the residence time. In the region of residence time far from the extinction limit, combustion mode was strongly dependent on the frequency. The low frequency excitation provided the quasi-steady behavior on the temperature and the concentrations of related species, but small variation of temperature was observed under high frequency. In the region of residence time near the extinction limit, the mixture subjected above 1 KHz was still reacting even though extinction had to be occurred under quasi-steady concept. The attenuation of extinction limit resulted from that chemical time was comparable to the flow time. The mean mole fractions of both NO and CO were almost same regardless of imposed frequency. However, the average mole fraction of $C_2H_2$ was decreased as increasing frequency, which implies that soot yield might be reduced at the higher frequency of flow excitation. The result provides the basic concept for flame stabilization, and it will be used to design a mild combustor.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.46-52
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• 2009

In this study the predictions of NOx in methane-air lean premixed combustion in PSR were carried out with GRI 3.0 methane-air combustion mechanism and Zeldovich, nitrous oxide, prompt, and NNH NO formation mechanism by using CHEMKIN code. The results are compared to the JSR experimental data of Rutar for the validation of the model. This study concerns about the importance of the chemical pathways. The chemical pathway most likely to form the NO in methane-air lean-premixed combustion was investigated. The results obtained with the 4 different NO mechanisms for residence time(0.5-1.6ms) and pressure(3, 4.7, 6.5 atm) are compared and discussed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2009

The oxidation of surrogate mixtures for gasoline fuel was studied numerically in perfectly stirred reactor(PSR) to develope the needed detailed reaction mechanism. The reaction mechanism was assembled with the mechanisms for the oxidation of iso-octane or kerosene. It was shown that the reaction model predicted reasonably well the concentration profiles of fuel and major species reported in the literature. As the addition of kerosene into iso-octane as fuel was increased, the concentrations of $C_2H_2$ and benzene became high. Especially benzene known as a carcinogen appeared at a very high concentration in the flue gases.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 2010

A chemical reactor model (CRM) was developed for a jet stirred reactor (JSR) to predict the emission of exhaust such as NOx. In this study, a two-PSR model was chosen as the chemical reactor model for the JSR. The predictions of NO formation in lean premixed methane-air combustion in the JSR were carried out by using CHEMKIN and GRI 3.0 methane-air combustion mechanism which include the four NO formation mechanisms. The calculated results were compared with Rutar's experimental data for the validation of the model. The effects of important parameters on NO formation and the contributions of the four NO pathways were investigated. In the flame region, the major pathway is the prompt mechanism, and in the post flame region, the major pathway is the Zelodovich mechanism. Under the lean premixed condition, the N2O mechanism is the important pathway in both flame and postflame regions.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

More than five thousands transportation fires occurannually in Korea and the resulting destruction of property and loss of life is huge and results in traffic and environmental pollution. The recent development of automobile technology such as the hybrid concept and use of bio fuels makes fire protection even more difficult due to a lack of understanding of the new adapted system including vehicle engines. In this study, a numerical simulation was performed on a PSR (perfectly Stirred Reactor) to simulate an automobile engine and to clarify the effect of gasoline/ethanol surrogates as a fuel. The temperature, NOx and soot emissions were predicted to decrease with increasing ethanol content, but that of unburned hydrocarbons was found to increase dramatically. The result will provide not only the basic thermal characteristics for engines and their after-treatment systems, but also make it possible to assess the potential for fire events in these systems when an ethanol mixed fuel is used in gasoline vehicles.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.150-153
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• 2006

Gas generator should be adopted either fuel rich or oxidizer rich combustion because of the temperature restriction to avoid any possible thermal damages to turbine blade. This study focuses to model the non-equilibrium chemical reaction of kerosene/LOx with detailed kinetics developed by Dagaut using Perfectly stirred reactor(PSR) assumption. To predict more reliable species fraction and other gas properties, Frenklach's soot model was added to Dagaut's detailed kinetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.16-22
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• 2011

It is a challenging task to apply large detailed chemical mechanisms of fuel oxidation in simulation of complex combustion phenomena. There exist a few systematic methodologies to reduce detailed chemical mechanisms to smaller sizes involving less computational load. This research work concerns generation of a skeletal chemical mechanism by a directed relation graph with specified accuracy requirement. Two sequential stages for mechanism reduction are followed in a perfectly stirred reactor(PSR) for high temperature chemistry and to consider the autoignition delay time for low and high temperature chemistry. Reduction was performed for the detailed chemical mechanism of n-heptane consisting of 561 species and 2539 elementary reaction steps. Validation results show acceptable agreement for the autoignition delay time and the PSR calculation in wide parametric ranges of pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.88-97
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• 2001

The present study numerically investigates the fuel-air mixing characteristics, flame structure, and pollutant emission inside a double-swirler combustor. A PSR(Perfectly Stirred Reactor) based microstructural model is employed to account for the effects of finite rate chemistry on the flame structure and NO formation. The turbulent combustion model is extended to nonadiabatic flame condition with radiation by introducing an enthalpy variable, and the radiative heat loss is calculated by a local, geometry-independent model. The effects of turbulent fluctuation are taken into account by the joint assumed PDFs. Numerical model is based on the non-orthogonal body-fitted coordinate system and the pressure/velocity coupling is handled by PISO algorithm in context with the finite volume formulation. The present PSR-based turbulent combustion model has been applied to analyze the highly intense turbulent nonpremixed flame field in the double swirler combustor. The detailed discussions were made for the flow structure, combustion effects on flow structure, flame structure, and emission characteristics in the highly intense turbulent swirling flame of the double swirler burner.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.34-37
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• 2012

환기부족 구획화재에서 CO의 생성은 온도 및 조성에 큰 영향을 받으며, 구획 내의 체류시간 및 이동경로에 따라 복잡한 현상을 경험하게 된다. 그 결과 구획 내부의 CO 생성특성을 실험을 통해 상세하게 규명하는 것은 많은 한계가 있다. 이러한 배경 하에 본 연구에서는 환기부족 구획화재의 조건에서 총괄당량비에 따른 CO의 생성특성에 관한 수치해석 연구를 수행하였다. PSR(완전혼합반응기) code와 헵탄연료의 상세화학반응기구가 사용되었다. 주요 변수로서 체류시간, 온도, 반응물과 생성물의 혼합정도 그리고 열손실 등이 CO의 생성에 미치는 독립적 영향을 검토하였다. 추가로 주요반응에 의한 CO의 몰 생성률 및 소모율과 CO의 반응경로 분석을 통해 환기부족 구획화재의 조건에서 구체적인 CO 생성특성에 관한 이해가 시도되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.8-12
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• 2015

The CO reduction characteristics of hot air stream diluted with exhaust gas in a perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) were investigated numerically. The dilution ratio ($\Omega$), inlet temperature ($T_{in}$), and residence time ($\tau$) were considered as parameters to investigate the effects of those on the emission indices for CO and $CO_2$ (EICO and $EICO_2$). The roles of dominant reactions and the production rates of major species were analyzed. It was found from the EICO trend that the supplied CO in the air stream was consumed. The EICO increased negatively with $T_{in}$ at fixed $\tau$ regardless of $\Omega$. However, the magnitude of EICO and minimum inlet temperature for CO reduction showed complicated trend according to the variation of $\tau$. It was identified that the OH radical, generated from the reactions, $O_2+H{\leftrightarrow}O+OH$ and $2OH{\leftrightarrow}H+H_2O$, affected the CO reduction by the reaction, $CO+OH{\leftrightarrow}H+CO_2$. However, the CO emission ratio increased at sufficiently high inlet temperature range due to the thermal dissociation of $CO_2$.