• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.194-201
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• 1997

The hepatoprotective activity of six extracts (BE, EE, HH, PS-1, PS-2, KP) from Artimisia iwayomogi was investigated against experimentally produced hepatic damages. Silymarin, DDB and UDCA were used as reference compounds. Treatment with PS-1 extract reduced hepatic demages induced by $CCl_4$, acetaminophen and ANIT but it did not alter ethionine-induced hepatotoxicity In addition, PS-1 extract showed a protective effect against chronic $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity as well as liver regeneration. PS-2 and KP extracts exhibited significant antihepatotoxic effects on D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis. Treatment with EE extract inhibited ethionine-induced fatty liver. These data indicate that the PS-1 extract is the roost hepato-protective constituent and rationalize the traditional use of this plant in hepatobiliary disorders.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.599-607
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• 2009

Prunellae Spica is the spike or whole plant of Prunella vulgaris Linne, which has been used for clearing heat from the liver, brightening the eyes and treating headache in traditional oriental medicines. This study was conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the aqueous extract of Prunellae Spica (PSE; PS extract) on the production of NO and PGE2 in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay, and all three doses of PS extract (0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 mg/ml) had no significant cytotoxicity during the entire experimental period. The cells were treated with 1 ${\mu}g/ml$ of LPS 1 h before adding PS extract, and increased NO and PGE2 production were detected in LPS-activated cells compared to control. However, these increases were dose-dependently attenuated by treatment with PS extract. The inhibition of NO by PS extract was due to the suppression of iNOS expression via inhibition of $NF{\kappa}B$ nuclear translocation and proteolytic degradation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$. The decreased level of PGE2 was derived from inhibition of COX-2 activity, but expression of COX-2 protein was not affected by PS extract. Moreover, PS extract reduced the elevated production of IL-${\beta}$ and IL-6 by LPS. These results demonstrate that PS extract has inhibitory effects on the production of NO and PGE2 as a consequence of the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-${\beta}$ and IL-6 in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.269-280
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• 2022

Objectives : In this study, it was investigated the effects of solid-phase fermentation extraction with Phellinus linteus of discarded Schisandra chinensis extract (PS) and its action mechanism on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in mice. Methods : In mice, muscle atrophy model was induced by dexamethasone (5 mg/kg, I.p) once daily for 2 weeks and with PS extract administration (100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) as treatment groups. The changes in body weights, grip strength, Treadmill test, muscle weights, and the expression of atrophy-related genes were measured in muscle atrophy mice. The histological changes of gastrocnemius tissues were also observed by H&E staining with measurement of myofiber size. Results : The administration of PS extract increased significantly body weights, grip strength, treadmill test and muscle weights in muscle atrophy mice. PS extract administration increased significantly the area of myofibers and inhibited structural damages of muscle and increased significantly the expression of myogenin and decreased significantly the expression of MuRF1, Atrogin1 and phosphorylation of AMPK and PGC1α in muscle tissues of muscle atrophy mice. Conclusions : These results indicate that PS extract has a improvement effects on muscle atrophy with stimulation of myogenic differentiation and inhibition of mRNA degradation that could be related with the activation of AMPK and PGC1α signaling pathways in muscle. This suggests that PS extract can apply to treat muscle atrophy in clinics.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

The cold shock of spermatozoa is associated with oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species. This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of natural antioxidant green tea extract (GTE) in lactose-egg yolk (LEY) extender during boar sperm cooling prior to freezing. Spermatozoa were cooled to $5^{\circ}C$ for 3 h in LEY extender containing 0 (control), 1, 10, 100 or 1,000 mg/l of GTE, re-suspended with LEY-glycerol-Equex extender and cooled at $5^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Sperm progressive motility, viability and phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation were evaluated. PS translocation was assayed by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit. The sperm function including progressive motility, viability and PS translocation was not significantly different regardless of GTE concentrations (P>0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated non-toxicity of GTE supplement in LEY extender during sperm cooling.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1738-1746
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• 2023

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate quality characteristics of reduced-salt, low-fat pork sausage (PS) using pre-rigor muscle and sea tangle extract (STE) to reduce salt level of sausages during refrigerated storage. Methods: Pork ham was prepared with pre-rigor and post-rigor muscle from the local market. Sausages using post-rigor muscle were manufactured with the 1.5% of salt content, and samples with pre-rigor muscle were processed by different salt concentrations (0.8%). Accordingly, PSs were prepared in 4 treatments (REF, PS with 1.5% of salt using post-rigor muscle; CTL, PS with 0.8% of salt using pre-rigor muscle; TRT1, PS with 0.8% of salt and 5% of STE using pre-rigor muscle; TRT2, PS with 0.8% of salt and 10% of STE using pre-rigor muscle). For the evaluation of quality characteristics and shelf-life of reduced-salt PS, pH and color values, cooking loss (%), expressible moisture (%), textural properties, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric reactive substances), protein denaturation (volatile basic nitrogen), and microbiological analysis (total plate counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts) were determined. Results: The pH and temperature of pre-rigor raw pork ham were higher than those of post-rigor pork ham. Hardness of TRT2 was higher than that of REF or CTL. TRT2 had higher gumminess and chewiness than CTL. TRT1 and TRT2 had lower volatile basic nitrogen than CTL. Total plate counts of TRT2 were lower than those of CTL. Expressible moisture values of TRT1 and TRT2 were similar to those of REF. The addition of STE into PS improved functional properties and shelf-life of PS. Conclusion: Reduced-salt PS containing pre-rigor muscle and STE had similar functional properties to those of regular-salt ones, while containing approximately 47% less salt compared to regular-salt level.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.77-85
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• 2018

Objective : This study was intended to examine the effects of water extract of Prunellae Spica (PS), which is a herb with 'cold' nature based on hot and cold theory of traditional Korean medicine. Methods : Hyperthyroidism was induced in SD rats by LT4 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for four weeks. After 2 weeks of LT4 injection, rats were divided randomly into four groups; normal, LT4-induced hyperthyroid control, PS extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.)-treated group, and propylthiouracil (PTU, 10 mg/kg, s.c.)-treated positive group. After 2 weeks of drug treatment, all rats were sacrificed and harvested blood samples and thyroid tissues. The changes of body weight, food and water intake, and body temperature were measured weekly. Serological markers were analyzed in sera using an enzyme-based assay, and thyroid tissues were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E). Brain and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) tissues were isolated and analyzed the expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels by Western blot. Results : PS extract administration attenuated the loss of body weight and the increase of body temperature in LT4-induced hyperthyroidism rats. PS extract increased the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and decreased tiiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4). In action mechanism, PS extract regulated the expression of transient receptor potential channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) and transient Receptor Potential channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8), the thermoregulators. Conclusion : To conclude, PS extract can improve the symptoms of hyperthyroidism through regulation of the thyroid hormones imbalance and thermoregulation via TRP channels.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2012

In this study, the stability of cream containing the ethyl acetate fraction of C. obtusa leaf extract was evaluated. The pH, viscosity, and absorbance were measured under the 4 different temperatures (4, 25, 37 and $45^{\circ}C$) and under the sun light during the 12 weeks. The control cream without containing the extract did not show pH change under the different temperatures mentioned above. However, the pH of the cream with the extract was decreased 0.11 at $4^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. Under the $37^{\circ}C$, $45^{\circ}C$ and sun light condition, the pH was decreased 0.55, 0.84 and 0.59, respectively. After treating the cream for 12 weeks under the different temperatures, the viscosity was measured for the cream containing the extract and control cream. The values were decreased by 2,404 cPs in average compared to the initial value for the former and control cream were decreased by 1,296 cPs in average for the latter. On the other hand, the viscosity of control cream treated under the $45^{\circ}C$ for 12 weeks was decreased (1,915 cPs) relative to the cream containing the extract, which showed 3,810 cPs decrease in viscosity. The cream containing the extract did not show absorbance change at $4^{\circ}C{\sim}37^{\circ}C$ for 12 weeks. Instead, the absorbance of the cream treated under $45^{\circ}C$ and sun light condition was decreased 32.5 % and 35.2 %, respectively. This decrease in absorbance is relatively small compared to the 54.8 % decrease of the extract sampled from the cream using ethanol solution. This indicates that the extract is stabilized in the cream. In addition, any change in color or smell was not observed through 12 weeks of the experimental time period. Also physical changes as creaming and cohesion were not shown. The results show that the cream containing C. obtusa leaf extract was relatively stable. However, it is concluded that it is still not clear in the stability of the cream containing the extract when it is stored for a long time. Accordingly, it is suggested that further study is needed for the application of the extract to cosmetics.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.231-238
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• 2007

In the previous study, the anti-oxidant activity of extract/fraction of Sueada asparagoides (SA) was investigated and the results showed that the ethylacetate (EtOAc) fraction and its aglycone fraction had the best performance on the free radical scavenging activity, reactive oxygen species scavenging (ROS) activity and cell protective activity (J. Soc. Cosme. Scientists Korea, 33(3), 145 (2007)). In this study, the stability of cream containing 0.3% SA EtOAc extract (called extract below) was evaluated. pH, viscosity and absorbance (363 nm) were measured under the 4 different temperatures ($0^{\circ}C,\;25{\circ}C,\;37{\circ}C\;and\;45{\circ}C$) and under the sun light at the 4 week intervals during the 12 weeks in total. The control cream without containing the extract did not show pH change under the different temperatures mentioned above. However, the pH of the cream the extract was decreased 0.08 at the temperature ranges of $0^{\circ}C\;to\;37^{\circ}C$. Under the $45^{\circ}C$ and sun light condition, the pH was decreased 0.51 and 0.66, respectively. The cream containing the extract did not show absorbance change at the temperature ranges of 0 to $37^{\circ}C$ for 12 weeks. Instead, the absorbance of the cream treated under $45^{\circ}C$ and sun light condition was decreased 7.6 % and 7.4 %, respectively. This decrease in absorbance is relatively small compared to the 48.3 % decrease of the extract sampled from the cream using ethanol solution. This indicates that the extract is stabilized in the cream. After treating the cream for 12 weeks under the different temperatures, the viscosity was measured for the cream containing the extract and control cream. The values were increased by 1,748 cPs in average compared to the initial value for the former and by 951 cPs in average for the latter. On the other hand, the viscosity of control cream treated under the sun light for 12 weeks was significantly decreased (4,022 cPs) relative to the cream containing the extract, which showed 2,484 cPs increase in viscosity. This indicates that the SA extract contributes to the stability of the emulsion product by protective effect to maintain the viscosity of the cream against sun light. In addition, any change in color or smell was not observed through 12 weeks of the experimental time period. Thus, it is concluded that it is still not clear in the stability of the cream containing the extract when it is stored for the long time. Accordingly, it is suggested that further study is needed to provide more information to the manufactures, who are seeking for the application of the extract to improve the anti-oxidant activity and stability of cosmetic products.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 1998

The dose-response effect of polysaccharide extracts(PS-1) from Artemisia iwayomogi was inves-tigated under various hepatic disease models. Silymarin, DDB and UDCA were used as reference compounds. We found that the maximal effective dose of PS-1 was 100 mg/kg b.wt. in $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity, D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis, in ANIT-induced cholestasis and 300 mg/kg b.wt. in $CCl_4$-induced chronic liver disease, 30 mg/tg b.wt. in chronic bile duct ligation and chronic ethanol fatty liver. These findings suggest that PS-1 fraction protects the hepatocyte against various hepatic injuries, and this fracton might be of therapeutic value.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2019

As various populations are rapidly becoming an aging society worldwide and interest in health issues has increased, demand for functional foods including herbal products has increased markedly to maintain a healthy state which has led to safety issues about their intake as an inevitable result. The objective of this study was to identify the safety profile of a Korean red ginseng and Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract mixture (KGC-03-PS) which is a valuable ingredient that can be used as a functional food. In the present study, the subacute oral toxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity of KGC-03-PS were evaluated. Sprague Dawley rats were administered KGC-03-PS orally for 28 days by gavage. Daily KGC-03-PS dose concentrations were 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day. Bacterial reverse mutation test with KGC-03-PS dose levels ranging from 312.5 to $5,000{\mu}g/plate$ was carried out by OECD test guideline No. 471. Five bacterial strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2) were tested in the presence or absence of metabolic activation by plate incorporation method. There were no toxicological effects related with test substance in the clinical evaluation of subacute oral toxicity test including clinical signs, body weight, and food consumption. Moreover, no toxicological changes related to KGC-03-PS were observed in the hematological and serum biochemical characteristics as well as in the pathological examinations, which included organ weight measurements and in the gross- or histopathological findings. KGC-03-PS did not induce an increase in the number of revertant colonies in all bacterial strains of the bacterial reverse mutation test. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of KGC-03-PS is greater than 2,000 mg/kg bw/day, and KGC-03-PS did not induce genotoxicity related to bacterial reverse mutations under the conditions used in this study.