• 영어영문학
• /
• 제57권6호
• /
• pp.1067-1088
• /
• 2011

While there is a high degree of convergence in linguistics in the treatment of the progressive as an aspect, the English progressive is unusually wide in its range of uses. This paper highlights the distinction between aspectual and non-aspectual progressives. The primary function of the progressive is to present a situation as ongoing, and this strictly aspectual use of the progressive is referred to as 'aspectual progressive'. On the other hand, the uses of the English progressive that are not, in a strict sense, aspectual is called 'non-aspectual progressive'. There are at least three basic uses of non-aspectual progressives. The first is the so-called progressive futurate (e.g., John is leaving tomorrow). In English, the present progressive can be used to express future time reference. This use of the progressive is regarded as a non-aspectual one, on the grounds that its meaning cannot be accounted for in terms of ongoingness. The second use is the habitual progressive (e.g., She's smoking a lot these days). Given that the habitual is an aspect, it is natural that the habitual progressive is not an aspectual progressive because one cannot view a situation in two different ways. In addition, ongoingness is not a defining property of the habitual progressive but is only a contingent or subsidiary property. The real essence of the habitual progressive is habituality. The third use of non-aspectual progressives is the experiential or interpretative progressive (e.g., You're imagining things), whose main characteristic is the subjectivity of the speaker's interpretation. The experiential or interpretative progressive does not serve a primarily aspectual function because the meaning of ongoingness has nothing to do with the content of the utterance.

• 한국정보컨버전스학회논문지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.57-60
• /
• 2013

본 논문에서는 실제 누진다초점렌즈를 착용하는 중장년층을 대상으로 기존 누진다초점렌즈 착용자와 프리폼 누진다초점렌즈 착용자들로 분리하여 만족도와 개선방향 등을 조사하고 향후 누진다초점렌즈의 발전방향을 예측해 보았다. 조사 결과 누진다초점렌즈에 대한 착용만족도는 일반 누진다초점렌즈에 비해 프리폼 누진다초점렌즈가 월등하게 높게 나타났다. 프리폼 누진다초점렌즈는 기존 누진다초점렌즈에 비해 가격이 더 비싸지만 기존 누진다초점렌즈보다 더욱 더 넓은 시야를 제공하고 장용자의 여러 가지 변수에 맞게 개인맞춤 할 수 있다는 점 등에서 충분한 이점들로 가지고 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 머지않은 미래에 프리폼 누진다초점렌즈는 대부분의 중장년층이 착용하는 가장 대중적인 누진다초점렌즈로 자리 잡을 것으로 예상된다.

• 한국경영과학회지
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.13-21
• /
• 2012

In this note, a recent work in Won (2011) which investigates properties of the newsvendor model under progressive multiple discounts is revisited and a complete proof is provided for the conjecture on the consistent advantage of progressive multiple discounts over no-discounts in terms of the expected profit. The proof considers the generalized newsvendor model under progressive multiple discounts extended with positive shortage cost and salvage value which have not been considered in the previous newsvendor models under progressive multiple discounts. Without relying on derivatives, we prove that the expected profit under progressive multiple discounts are consistently greater than or equal to the one under no-discounts for every order quantity as far as her multiple discounts do not decrease customer demand, and therefore, the optimal expected profit under progressive multiple discounts is always greater than or equal to the one under no-discounts. As by-products from the proof, some interesting features of the generalized newsvendor model under progressive multiple discounts are revealed.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.529-541
• /
• 2017

According to the definition, progressive collapse could occur due to the initial partial failure of the structural members which by spreading to the adjacent members, could result in partial or overall collapse of the structure. Up to now, most researchers have investigated the progressive collapse due to explosion, fire or impact loads. But new research has shown that the seismic load could also be a factor for initiation of the progressive collapse. In this research, the progressive collapse capacity for the 5 and 15-story steel special moment resisting frames using push-down nonlinear static analysis, and nonlinear dynamic analysis under the gravity loads specified in the GSA Guidelines, were studied. After identifying the critical members, in order to investigate the seismic progressive collapse, the 5-story steel special moment resisting frame was analyzed by the nonlinear time history analysis under the effect of earthquakes with different characteristics. In order to account for the initial damage, one of the critical columns was weakened at the initiation of the earthquake or its Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). The results of progressive collapse analyses showed that the potential of progressive collapse is considerably dependent upon location of the removed column and the number of stories, also the results of seismic progressive collapse showed that the dynamic response of column removal under the seismic load is completely dependent on earthquake characteristics like Arias intensity, PGA and earthquake frequency contents.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.57-70
• /
• 2016

Type-II progressive censoring is one of the censoring methods frequently used in clinical studies, reliability trials, quality control of products and industrial experiments. Sometimes in Type-II progressive censoring experiments, the failure rate is low so the waiting time to observe the $m^{th}$ failure will be very long; however, the experimenter may have to terminate the experiment before a predetermined time. In this article, if two generalized types of Type-II progressive censoring are reminded, we then make some changes in the removal method of Type-II progressive censoring such that without reducing the deduction quality, the termination time of the experiment decreases. This can be done with decreasing withdraws throughout the steps of the experiment with a special reasonable method. A simulation study is done and the results are tabulated at the end of this article for a comparison between introduced method and Type-II progressive censoring.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.1271-1277
• /
• 2012

In this paper, we propose an estimation method of the parameter in an exponential distribution based on a progressive Type I interval censored sample with semi-missing observation. The maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the parameter in the exponential distribution cannot be obtained explicitly because the intervals are not equal in length under the progressive Type I interval censored sample with semi-missing data. To obtain the MLE of the parameter for the sampling scheme, we propose a method by which progressive Type I interval censored sample with semi-missing data is converted to the progressive Type II interval censored sample. Consequently, the estimation procedures in the progressive Type II interval censored sample can be applied and we obtain the MLE of the parameter and survival function. It will be shown that the obtained estimators have good performance in terms of the mean square error (MSE) and mean integrated square error (MISE).

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.435-444
• /
• 2017

In the past, the progressive collapse resulting from local failures during accidents has caused many tragedies and loss of life. Although long-span spatial grid structures are characterised by a high degree of static indeterminacy, the sudden failure of key members may lead to a catastrophic progressive collapse. For this reason, it is especially necessary to research the progressive collapse resistance capacity of long-span spatial grid structures. This paper presents an evaluation method of important members and a novel dynamic analysis method for simulating the progressive collapse of long-span spatial grid structures. Engineering cases were analysed to validate these proposed method. These proposed methods were eventually implemented in the progressive collapse analysis of the main stadium for the Universiade Sports Center. The roof of the structure was concluded to have good resistance against progressive collapse. The novel methods provide results close to practice and are especially suitable for the progressive collapse analysis of long-span spatial grid structures.

• 기본간호학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.109-121
• /
• 2000

Increasingly nursing science is embracing the concepts and methodology derived from psycho-neuroimmunology. It has been previously shown that stress increases and immune function declines in students undergoing examinations. To date, however, no many studies have been reported on stress levels, immune function and interventions in Korean students undergoing their first clinical nursing rotation. It was proposed that nursing students during their first clinical rotation experience increase in stress because of the novelty of the situation and their lack of clinical knowledge. It was also hypothesized that biofeedback and progressive relaxation, methods of self-regulation of involuntary autonomic nervous system responses, would reduce the stress response. The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of progressive muscle laxation using biofeedback The effectiveness of the experimental methods was tested by measuring the degree of symptoms of stress (SOS) and the values of ephinephrine, pulse rate, blood pressure and natural killer cells. The subjects of this study were thirty nursing students divided into two groups: experimental group was progressive muscle relaxation group using biofeedback and control group. This study was conducted for 8 weeks of clinical practice. Biofeedback training was done by software developed by J&J company (1-410 form for progressive muscle training). Progressive muscle relaxation training according to Jacobson's Theory was done by messaged word from biofeedback. The data was analyzed using Chronbach' ${\alpha}$ and t-test of the SPSS program and the significance level of statistics was 5%. The results of the study were : 1) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was effective for the reduction of symptoms of stress(t=-4.248, p<.001) under clinical practice stress conditions. 2) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was not effective for the values of epinephrine(t=-1.294, p=.206). 3) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was effective for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (t=-2.757, p=.01). 4) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was effective for the reduction of diastolic blood pressure (p=-2.032, 0=.05). 5) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was not effective for the reduction of pulse rate(t=-15, p=.988). 6) The progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was effective for the maintenance of natural killer cells (t=2.381, p=02). The first clinical rotation for student nurses is a stressful experience as seen by the rise in the SOS in the control group. Biofeedback using progressive muscle relaxation were effective in preventing the rise of symptoms of stress and the blood pressure means when comparing the pre to post clinical experience, The mean natural killer cell count was depressed in the control group but not significantly different in the experimental groups, It is proposed here that stress via the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis suppressed the NK cell count whereas the relaxation methods prevented the rise in stress and the resulting immune depression. We recommend relaxation techniques using biofeedback as a health promotion technique to reduce psychological stress. In summary. the progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was effective for the reduction of symptoms of stress under clinical practice stress conditions.

• 한국안광학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 2011

목적: 본 연구에서는 누진렌즈 처음 착용자의 적응도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 비교 분석하였다. 방법: 특별한 안질환이 없으며, 근거리 시력저하가 있는 41~78세의 노안환자로 2001년부터 2011년까지 광주광역시 A안경원에서 누진렌즈 안경을 처방받은 463명을 대상으로 하였다. 성별, 연령별, 원거리 굴절상태, 가입도, 누진렌즈 디자인, 과거 안경착용상태 및 유무, 난시종류, 굴절부등 등에 따른 적응도를 각각 분석하였다. 적응도 상을 착용 후 누진안경 재구매군으로, 적응도 중을 가끔 착용하는 군으로, 적응도 하를 착용 실패군으로 분류하였다. 결과: 남성이 여성보다 전반적인 적응도가 유의하게 높게 나타났으며(p=0.02), 노안가입도(p=0.05), 누진렌즈 디자인(p=0.02) 등이 통계적으로 유의하였다. 적응 요소 중 연령별, 원거리 굴절상태, 과거 안경착용상태 및 유무, 난시상태, 굴절부등 등은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 결론: 본 연구 결과에 의하면 누진렌즈를 처방할 때 성별, 노안가입도, 누진렌즈 디자인 등은 적응을 위해 고려해야 할 상황으로 사료된다.

• 터널과지하공간
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.31-38
• /
• 1997

Residual shear strength should be taken into consideration as well as peak one when analysing stability of slopes constituted by weathered rock or overconsolidated soils since such materials could be subjected to progressive failure mechanism. When landslide of a slope is related to progressive failure phenomenon, the failure might occur even though shear strength of the slope materials does not reach their residual shear strength over the whole slip surface. Therefore, stability of the slope concerned may be overstimated or underestimated when using only its peak or residual shear srength parameters. Mechanical description for progressive failure phenomenon is given by Bjerrum(1967). In parameters. Mechanical description for progressive failure phenomenon is given by Bjerrum(1967). In this study, his theory has been extended to estimate the distance of failed zone for a plane slope and the results calculated by this extended equatio has been compared with that obtained by numerical modelling using FLAC. In addition, stress state on the slip surface has been, in detail, analysed to understand failure mechanism when a limited progressive failure occurs. Effects of mechanical and hydraulic factors on progressive failure have also been analysed.