• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.771-791
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• 2022

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) extraction from original text is important for revealing the molecular mechanism of biological processes. With the rapid growth of biomedical literature, manually extracting PPI has become more time-consuming and laborious. Therefore, the automatic PPI extraction from the raw literature through natural language processing technology has attracted the attention of the majority of researchers. We propose a PPI extraction model based on the large pre-trained language model and adversarial training. It enhances the learning of semantic and syntactic features using BioBERT pre-trained weights, which are built on large-scale domain corpora, and adversarial perturbations are applied to the embedding layer to improve the robustness of the model. Experimental results showed that the proposed model achieved the highest F1 scores (83.93% and 90.31%) on two corpora with large sample sizes, namely, AIMed and BioInfer, respectively, compared with the previous method. It also achieved comparable performance on three corpora with small sample sizes, namely, HPRD50, IEPA, and LLL.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.60-67
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• 2009

Analyzing protein-protein interactions(PPI) is an important task in bioinformatics as it can help in new drugs' discovery process. However, due to vast amount of PPI data and their complexity, efficient visualization of the data is still remained as a challenging problem. We have developed efficient and effective visualization system that integrates Gene Ontology(GO) and PPI network to provide better insights to scientists. To provide efficient data visualization, we have employed dynamic interactive graph drawing methods and context-based browsing strategy. In addition, quick and flexible cross-reference system between GO and PPI; LCA(Least Common Ancestor) finding for GO; and etc are supported as special features. In terms of interface, our visualization system provides two separate graphical windows side-by-side for GO graphs and PPI network, and also provides cross-reference functions between them.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.192-204
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• 2010

As illegal distribution of the terrestial DTV broadcast program occurs very frequently in on-line, the needs to protect broadcast program have increased. In this paper, a new approach to implement a system for terrestial DTV broadcast program protection based on program protection information(PPI) is proposed. In our approach, the broadcast program is recorded with encryption according to redistribution condition of the PPI and packaged into a file with key information and PPI together. And we also define a set of domain protocol for supporting user fair-use of broadcast program. In the proposed system, copy control can also be provided by process of home domain management. Implementation results show that our system can protect broadcast programs with efficiency and can support conditional distribution within home domain in order to satisfy user fair-use.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.106-114
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• 2014

Purpose: Recent investigations suggest that the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel may be decreased when this medication is taken together with certain proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). However, there has been no study conducted in Korea regarding the clinical effect of clopidogrel-PPI interaction. This study targeted patients who received stents to investigate the effect of the concomitant use of clopidogrel and PPIs on the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events in Korean patients. Methods: The patients who received a stent insertion at the Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital between January 2010 and April 2011 were included. The patients were divided into two groups, clopidogrel and clopidogrel + PPI, and followed for 12 months after the date of stent insertion using prescription history and medical records. The recurrence rates of the cardiovascular events among the two patient groups were statistically analyzed. Results: There was no difference between the two groups in the basic characteristics of the 157 patients in the clopidogrel group and the 62 patients in the clopidogrel+PPI group. Simple logistic regression showed a significantly higher rate of re-hospitalization in the clopidogrel+PPI group (OR=1.893, 95% CI 1.040-3.445, p=0.037). However, the results of the multivariate logistic regression of the variables found to have statistical significance by crosstabulation showed no significant difference in the rate of adverse cardiovascular events or re-hospitalization between the two groups. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between the clopidogrel and clopidogrel+PPI group among new patients with cardiovascular stents with respect to the occurrence of revascularization procedures, stent thrombosis, or chest pain, or with respect to the re-hospitalization rate for all cardiovascular events.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.786-792
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• 2012

A microarray is a collection of thousands of DNAs or RNAs arranged on a substrate, and it enables one to navigate large amounts of gene expression. However, a researcher uses his designed experimental methods to focus on particular phenotypes from the available mass of data. In this paper, we used MicroRNAs(miRNAs) and Protein-Protein Interation(PPI) databases to enhance and expand meanings in microarray data. Further, the expanded data are linked with the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM), and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, $10^{th}$ Revision(ICD-10), in order to extract common genetic relationships between diseases. This approach, we expect, should provide new biological views.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.147-155
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between fracture risk and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use to establish evidence for defining high-risk groups of fracture among PPI users. Methods: A case-control study was performed using the National Health Insurance Sample Cohort Database from January 2002 to December 2013. The cases included all incidences of major fractures identified from January 2011 to December 2013, and up to four controls were matched to each case by age, gender, osteoporosis, and Charlson comorbidity index. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and associated 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Overall, 14,295 cases were identified, and 63,435 controls were matched to the cases. The aOR of fractures related to the use of PPIs was 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01-1.11). There was a statistically significant association between fracture and PPI use within 3 months of the last dose, and a trend of increasing fracture risk with increasing cumulative PPI dose. The risk of fracture was significantly higher in patients who took PPIs for more than 1 year during the 2-year observation period. Conclusion: Patients who have been using PPIs for more than 1 year should be warned about the risk of fracture during or at least 3 months after discontinuing the PPI.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.35-38
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• 2008

지상파DTV 방송프로그램에 대한 보호에 대한 요구가 커짐에 따라, 지상파 방송프로그램에 대한 보호를 위한 여러 가지조치가 시도되고 있다. 최근 ATSC의 RC 기술자를 기반으로 방송프로그램의 저작권 보호를 위한 방송프로그램 보호 기술규격이 표준화가 진행 중이다. 본 논문에서는 방송프로그램 보호신호(Program Protection Information:PPI)에 기반한 지상파방송프로그램 보호 셋탑 장치를 제안한다. 제안하는 보호 셋탑 장치는 PSIP/PSI 신호를 해석하여 ATSC의 RC 서술자에 포함 된 PPI 신호를 추출, 해석한다. PPI 신호에 정의된 정보를 기반으로 저작권 정보가 표시된 방송프로그램은 A/V 정보가 암호화 되어 저장되며, 다른 장치와의 호환성을 유지하기 위해, 암복호화 정보는 파일과 함께 패키징되어 저장된다. 본 논문에서 제안한 지상파 방송프로그램 보호셋탑은 방송프로그램 보호신호에 따라, 방송프로그램을 보호할 뿐 아니라, 사용자의 사적이용을 지원하기 위한 제한적인 배포 기능을 제공한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bioinformatics Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.234-243
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• 2004

단백질-단백질 상호작용(PPI :Protein-Protein Interaction) 데이터는 생물체가 어떠한 메커니즘으로 생명을 유지하는지에 대한 정보를 담고 있다. 최근에는 생물학자들의 실험에 의해 많은 데이터가 축적되어 있으며, 데이터베이스로 구축되어 인터넷에 공개되어 있다. PPI 데이터는 단백질를 노드(node)로, 상호작용은 에지(edge)로 갖는 그래프(Graph) 구조로 표현 가능하다. 본 논문에서는 사용자가 PPI 데이터를 쉽게 가공하고 분석할 수 있도록 그래프 이론 기반에 기반하여 구현한 Proteinca(PROTEin INteraction CAbaret) 시스템에 대해 소개한다. Proteinca에 대한 자세한 정보는 http://jade.cs.pusan.ac.kr/${\sim}$proten에서 볼 수 있다.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.54-58
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• 2008

최근 열교환기의 향상을 위해 발포다공성매체의 적용이 증가하고 있다. 열교환기의 적용에 있어서 발포다공성매체의 이점을 살펴보기 위해 본 연구에서는 2가지 실험을 수행하였다. 첫 번째는 수력의 관점에서 투과계수 및 내부계수를 결정하는 것이고, 두 번째는 열교환의 관점에서 다공성매체의 유효전도율을 측정하는 것이다. 본 실험에서는 기공도는 거의 같으나 기공의 크기가 각각 20 ppi와 40 ppi인 구리 다공성매체를 사용하였다. 실험의 결과는 40 ppi 크기의 다공성매체가 수력과 열교환, 두가지 관점 모두에서 보다 높은 저항 효율을 나타낸다는 것을 보여준다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2004.04b
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• pp.286-288
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• 2004

PPI(Protein-Protein Interaction) 데이터는 생물체 내에서 서로 상호작용하는 단백질(protein)들에 대한 정보이다. 단백질 상호작용은 실제 생체 내에서 어떠한 작용이 일어나게 하는 원인이므로, 많은 생물학자들이 관심을 가지고 연구하고 있으며, 그 결과로 몇몇 데이터베이스가 만들어졌다. 이런 데이터베이스들은 다른 연구자들을 위해 데이터를 공개하고 있지만, 대부분의 데이터베이스가 탭으로 분리된 텍스트 형태로 제공한다. 하지만, 텍스트 형태의 데이터는 사람이 직관적으로 인지할 수 없기 때문에, PPI 데이터를 분석하기 쉬운 그래프 형태로 보여주는 프로그램이 필요하다. 그리고 아직 기능을 모르는 단백질이 많으므로 이를 예측하는 프로그램도 필요하다 본 논문에서는 LEDA를 이용하여 PPI 데이터를 그래프 형태로 표현하며, 이 그래프에 그래프 이론을 적용하여 단백질의 기능을 예측하는 프로그램인 Proteinca에 대해 서술한다.