• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.164-173
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and stress, as well as factors influencing PPD, among women in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional online survey and recruited participants during postpartum visits to the Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. Data collection was done using Arabic versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and a sociodemographics and obstetric history questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted, including multiple linear regression using a stepwise method. Results: Data from the 270 participants showed low levels of postpartum depressive symptoms with a mean score of 2.54±4.5 and low levels of perceived stress with a mean score of 2.49±6.2. While 94.4% of the participants reported low levels of stress and PPD, 5.6% reported elevated levels (≥10 for PPD, ≥14 for stress). The stepwise regression analysis showed significant results (p<.001), accounting for 34% of the variance in PPD. The factors significantly influencing PPD included the type of family, stress, number of abortions, disease during pregnancy, and family income. Importantly, perceived stress emerged as a factor influencing PPD. Conclusion: Although the majority of participants exhibited low levels of PPD, about 1 in 18 showed elevated levels. The identification of significant influencing factors highlights the need for targeted interventions to effectively address mental health concerns in postpartum women.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2003

To evaluate the influence of hepatic oxygen free radical systems on liver injury by topical p-phenylenediamine (PPD) application on rat skin, PPD (25 mg/16.5 $\textrm{cm}^2$) was topically applied to the abdominal region 5 times every other day and sacrificed. By PPD treatment, increasing rate of liver weight/body weight (%), serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and decreasing rate of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity were higher in the rats fed tungstate supplemented diet than those fed a standard diet. These findings indicate that group fed tungstate supplemented diet have more severe liver injury compared with group fed standard diet on topical PPD application. However, the activities of oxygen free radical generating enzymes such as xanthine oxidase (XO) and cytochrome P450 dependent aniline hydroxylase and those of oxygen free radical scavenging enzymes were not found to be different between these two animal groups. In the present study, a novel monitoring method to detect the generating of oxygen free radicals in liver extract was devised. Throughout this method, the oxidized PPD produced by oxygen free radicals was determined colorimetrically. The increasing rate of PPD oxidation by liver homogenate was higher in tungstate fed animals than in standard diet fed ones. Among the fractionations of liver extract, the mitochondrial and postmitochondrial fractions in the liver extract of tungstate fed animals led to a higher availability of PPD oxidation by PPD treatment compared with standard diet fed ones. In conclusion, these results suggest that an enhanced liver injury in tungstate fed animals treated with PPD may be due to oxygen free radicals produced in other systems except oxygen free radicals generating from cytosolic XO system. Especially, oxidative availability by PPD can be used for oxygen free radical detection in some tissue.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.562-571
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenosides have been widely used clinically for many years and were regarded as very safe. However, a few researches on the toxicities of these kinds of agents showed that some ginsenosides may have side-effect on the rats or dogs. So it is extremely necessary to further clarify the potential toxicity of ginsenosides. This study was carried out to investigate long-term toxicity and genotoxicity of 25-methoxydammarane-3, 12, 20-triol ($25-OCH_3-PPD$), a new derivative of ginsenoside, in beagle dogs. Methods: Twenty-four beagle dogs were divided randomly into four treatment groups and repeatedly orally administered with $25-OCH_3-PPD$ capsule at 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg/day for 91 consecutive days. Ames, micronucleus, and chromosomal aberration tests were established to analyze the possible genotoxicity of $25-OCH_3-PPD$. Results: There was no $25-OCH_3-PPD$einduced systemic toxicity in beagle dogs at any doses. The level of $25-OCH_3-PPD$ at which no adverse effects were observed was found to be 240 mg/kg/day. The result of Ames test showed that there was no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies of $25-OCH_3-PPD$ administrated groups compared to the vehicle control group. There were also no significant differences between $25-OCH_3-PPD$ administrated groups at all dose levels and negative group in the micronucleus test and chromosomal aberration assay. Conclusion: The highest dose level of $25-OCH_3-PPD$ at which no adverse effects were observed was found to be 240 mg/kg per day, and it is not a genotoxic agent either in somatic cells or germs cells. $25-OCH_3-PPD$ is an extremely safe candidate compound for antitumor treatment.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.101-106
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• 1999

목 적 : 최근 국내에서 결핵반응 검사 시약으로 2TU가 소개되면서 결핵의 예방화학 치료 의 기준에 대한 논란이 있어 왔다. 본 연구는 신생아기에 경피다자법으로 BCG를 접종 받은 영아에서의 2TU PPD 검사에 대한 반응을 관찰하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 성균관 의대 삼성제일 병원에서 출생후 생후 1개월째 외래에 방문하여 경피용 건조BCG 백신을 경피다자법으로 접종받고 접종 6개월 후에 추적이 가능하였던 476명을 대상으로 결핵반응 검사를 시행하였다. 검사는 RT23 2TU PPD를 사용하여 좌전박 내측에 0.1mL를 피내주사후 48~72 시간에 경결크기를 측정하였다. 판독시 결핵의 가족력과 BCG 반흔의 총수를 기록하였고 양전 판정은 경결 크기가 5mm 이상인 경우로 하였다. 결 과 : 전체 476명 중 남자 248명(52.1%), 여자 228명(47.9%) 였다. PPD 검사 시기는 BCG 접종후 $6.2{\pm}0.5$(평균${\pm}$표준편차) 개월 후에 시행되었다. RT23 2TU 검사상 평균 경결 크기는 $7.3{\pm}3.2mm$였다. 경결의 분포는 5mm 미만이 14.5%, 5~9mm가 59.9%, 10mm 이상이 25.6%였다. 검사 당시 BCG 반흔의 총수는 $15.5{\pm}3.2$개였다. 결 론 : 경피 다자법 BCG 접종후 2TU PPD 반응 검사 양전률은 85.5%로 좋은 결과를 나타내었다. 그러나 2TU PPD를 일반 병, 의원에서 진단용으로 사용하기 위해서는 좀더 다양한 연령층과 많은 대상에 대한 비교 연구의 축적이 필요할 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.12-16
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• 2007

To facilitate breeding of lines with either the Ppd-D1a or ppd-d1a, we screened 342 $F_2$ progenies from a cross between Laura (photoperiod insensitive, Ppd-D1a) spring wheat and SWP5304 (photoperiod sensitive, ppd-d1a) for their time to heading under 10 hour day length, and with a set of 37 microsatellite primers previously mapped to chromosome 2D. Bulk segregant analysis was used to identify tow linked microsatellite loci. The Ppd-D1a locus was flanked by Xgwm484 with 13.7 cM distance and Xgwm455 with 27 cM. These markers may be useful in selection of the desired photoperiod sensitivity in segregating populations grown in Northern latitude.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.515-523
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• 2023

Background: 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), one of the main components of ginseng, has anti-inflammatory, anti-estrogenic, and anti-tumor activities. It is known that activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the primary producers of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver, and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway participates in the activation of HSCs. We aimed to explore whether PPD inhibits liver fibrosis is associated with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway inactivation. Methods: The anti-fibrotic roles of PPD were examined both in vitro and in vivo. We also examined the levels of Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and WIF1 methylation. Results: PPD obviously ameliorated liver fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-treated mice and reduced collagen deposition. PPD also suppressed the activation and proliferation of primary HSCs. Notably, PPD inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, reduced TCF activity, and increased P-β-catenin and GSK-3β levels. Interestingly, WIF1 was found to mediate the inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in PPD-treated HSCs. WIF1 silencing suppressed the inhibitory effects of PPD on HSC activation and also restored α-SMA and type I collagen levels. The downregulation of WIF1 expression was associated with the methylation of its promoter. PPD induced WIF1 demethylation and restored WIF1 expression. Further experiments confirmed that DNMT1 overexpression blocked the effects of PPD on WIF1 expression and demethylation and enhanced HSC activation. Conclusion: PPD up-regulates WIF1 levels and impairs Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation via the downregulation of DNMT1-mediated WIF1 methylation, leading to HSC inactivation. Therefore, PPD may be a promising therapeutic drug for patients with liver fibrosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.455-464
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• 1995

연구배경: 인체의 결핵균 감염에 대하여 체액성 면역과 세포 매개성 면역이 함께 관여하며 효소결합 면역 분석법으로 결핵균 항원에 대한 항체(IgG)를 측정하는 것은 결핵성 흉막염 진단법으로 이용할 수 있다. 방법: 1992년 5월부터 1994년 7월까지 인하대학교 인하병원에 흉막염으로 입원하였던 환자 중 원인이 확진된 결핵성 흉막염 환자 40예, 비결핵성 흉막염 환자 19예를 대상으로 하여 혈청 및 흉막액에서 PPD 항원과 LAM-B 항원에 대한 IgG 항체가의 흡광도를 측정 하였다. 결과: 1) 결핵성 흉막염군의 흉막액 및 혈청내 PPD와 LAM-B 항체가는 비결핵성 흉악염군보다 유의하게 높았다.(p<0.0005) 2) 혈청내 PPD와 LAM-B 항체가는 흉막액내 항체가 보다 높았다. 3) PPD와 LAM-B에 대한 흉막액 항체와 혈청 항체간에는 의미있는 상관관계를 보였다. 4) 흉막액 PPD 항체의 결핵성 흉막염 진단기준을 0.091로 할 경우 진단적 예민도는 55.0%, 94.7%를 나타내었다. 5) 흉막액 LAM-B 항체의 결핵성 흉막염 진단기준을 0.337로 할 경우 진단적 예민도는 50.0%, 특이도는 94.7%를 나타내었다. 5)결핵성 흉막염군의 진단 양성률은 PPD 피부반응 검사, 흉막액의 양, 활동성 폐결핵 동반여부 등에 의해 영향받지 않았다. 결론: PPD와 LAM-B에 대한 IgG 측정은 결핵성 흉막염의 진단에 도움을 줄 것으로 사료된다. 아울러 PPD와 LAM-B에 대한 IgG는 수동적으로 흉막조직을 통해 혈청에서 흉막액으로 이동함을 제시하고 있다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.5-10
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 PQ의 독성과 홍삼 성분의 항산화 활성성분을 알아보기 위해 생쥐를 이용하여 PQ 투여 후 총 사포닌, PPD, PPT성분을 1, 3, 7일간 경구 투여한 후, 간 조직에서의 SOD, CAT GPx의 활성과 GSH, MDA 및 과산화수소 함량등을 측정 비교함으로써 홍삼의 항산화활성 성분이 PQ 독성에 대한 회복 작용 그리고 지질과산화와의 상호 관련성을 검토하였다. 항산화 효소인 SOD, CAT GPx활성도는 전반적으로 PPD계가 높았고, SOD 활성은 PPD 투석군에서 전일에 걸쳐 가장 높은 활성을 보였다. 과산화수소의 함량은 PQ 투여군 기준으로 PPD 투여군에서 가장 낮은 결과를 보였다. 자유 라디칼에 의해 생성된 지질과산화의 최종산물인 MDA의 함량은 사포닌 투여군에서 유의성 있게 감소하였으며, 특히 PPD에서 다른 투여군들에 비해 현저한 함량 감소를 보였다. 이와 같이 사포닌의 항산화효과는 SOD, CAT및 GPx와 같은 항산화 효소의 직접적인 작용과 홍삼의 특정 성분들이 생체 내에서 내인성 항산화 물질의 합성능력을 강화시킴으로서 산화적 손상에 대한 회복작용을 향상시키는 결과로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.126-133
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• 2021

Background: 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20(S)-PPD), one of the aglycone derivatives of major ginsenosides, has been shown to have an anticancer activity toward a variety of cancers. This study was initiated with an attempt to evaluate its anti-cancer activity toward human endometrial cancer by cell and xenograft mouse models. Methods: Human endometrial cancer (HEC)-1A cells were incubated with different 20(S)-PPD concentrations. 20(S)-PPD cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected using the annexin V binding assay and cell cycle analysis. Cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and activated caspase-9 were assessed using western blotting. HEC-1A cell tumor xenografts in athymic mice were generated by inoculating HEC-1A cells into the flank of BALB/c female mice and explored to validate 20(S)-PPD anti-endometrial cancer toxicity. Results: 20(S)-PPD inhibited HEC-1A cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 3.5 μM at 24 h. HEC-1A cells morphologically changed after 20(S)-PPD treatment, bearing resemblance to Taxol-treated cells. Annexin V-positive cell percentages were 0%, 10.8%, and 58.1% in HEC-1A cells when treated with 0, 2.5, and 5 μM of 20(S)-PPD, respectively, for 24 h. 20(S)-PPD subcutaneously injected into the HEC-1A cell xenograft-bearing mice three times a week for 17 days manifested tumor growth inhibition by as much as 18% at a dose of 80 mg/kg, which sharply contrasted to controls that showed an approximately 2.4-fold tumor volume increase. These events paralleled caspase-9 activation and PARP cleavage. Conclusion: 20(S)-PPD inhibits endometrial cancer cell proliferation by inducing cell death via a caspase-mediated apoptosis pathway. Therefore, the 20(S)-PPD-like ginsenosides are endowed with ample structural information that could be utilized to develop other ginsenoside-based anticancer agents.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2013

Purpose: The concept of gingival biotype has been used as a predictor of periodontal therapy outcomes since the 1980s. In the present study, prospective and controlled experiments were performed to compare periodontal pocket depth (PPD) reduction and gingival shrinkage (GSH) after scaling and root planing (SRP) according to gingival biotype. Methods: Twenty-five patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis participated in the present study. The PPD and GSH of the labial side of the maxillary anterior teeth (from the right canine to the left canine) were evaluated at baseline and 3 months after SRP. Changes in the PPD following SRP were classified into 4 groups according to the gingival thickness and initial PPD. Two more groups representing normal gingival crevices were added in evaluation of the GSH. The results were statistically analyzed using the independent t-test. Results: In the end, 16 patients participated in the present study. With regard to PPD reduction, there were no significant differences according to gingival biotype (P>0.05). Likewise, sites with a PPD of over 3 mm failed to show any significant differences in the GSH (P>0.05). However, among the sites with a PPD of under 3 mm, those with the thin gingival biotype showed more GSH (P<0.05). Conclusions: PPD changes after SRP were not affected by gingival biotype with either shallow or deep periodontal pockets. GSH also showed equal outcomes in all the groups without normal gingival crevices. The results of SRP seem not to differ according to gingival biotype.